The DhammapadaДхаммапада

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada (Kodhavagga, ch. 17), v. 222.

The whole verse, faithfully; the Circle repeats the 1903 text (only the word order 'я назову' changes). 'Other people' becomes 'others, powerless'. The wording is probably Gerasimov's Russian (1898), not checked.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada (Attavagga, ch. 12), v. 162.

The whole verse, faithfully, word for word as in 1903 (where v. 71, the milk that does not curdle at once, followed it). The simile is turned: in the Pali the man of boundless wickedness is overspread by it as the sala tree by the maluva creeper; Tolstoy's 'entwined by it as by dodder' keeps that sense, where Müller has the creeper doing to the tree what the wicked man does to himself. 'Soon' is Tolstoy's (or Gerasimov's, 1898, not checked).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada (Cittavagga, ch. 3), vv. 42-43.

The two verses that close the chapter on the mind. The 1903 text follows them ('a mind gone astray', 'your mind that has chosen the right path'); in the Circle Tolstoy changes the subject of both: the wrongly directed mind becomes 'the anger in your heart', and the well-directed mind becomes 'your heart, when it forgives and forgets the offence'. The verses now speak of anger and forgiveness, which the Pali does not name.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 1–2.

A close Russian of Max Müller's verses 1 and 2 ('the wheel follows the foot of the ox that draws the carriage'); in the second verse 'founded on our thoughts' becomes 'рождается в нашем сердце'.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 335–336.

Max Müller's verses 335–336. Tolstoy adds 'телесных наслаждений' to the thirst and replaces Müller's 'his sufferings increase like the abounding Birana grass' with 'вокруг того обовьются страдания, подобно вьющейся повилике'. Thoughts of Wise Men (1903) has the same verses after v. 334.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 367.

Müller's 'never identifies himself with name and form', with 'what is no more' turned into 'в своем преходящем'; 'he indeed is called a Bhikshu' becomes 'тот знает истину жизни'. Copied unchanged from Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), signed Dhammapada.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 129–130 (Daṇḍavagga).

Dhammapada 129–130, reworked from Tolstoy's own 1903 text. Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 17 February, prints both verses signed Dhammapada; that collection's Dhammapada came from N. Gerasimov's Russian, «Путь к истине» (1898), named in the Jubilee commentary (vol. 40) and not found online. Against Müller: 'All men tremble at punishment' becomes «Всё живое боится мучения» (all living things; the Pali has 'all'); 'remember that you are like unto them' becomes «пойми самого себя во всяком живом существе»; in v. 130 'all men love life' becomes «Всё живое хочет того же, чего и ты, всё живое дорожит своей жизнью», and its 'do not kill, nor cause slaughter' is cut. Against the 1903 text Tolstoy adds «не мучай» and «не причиняй страданий» to the first verse and replaces «отвращается от страдания» with «хочет того же, чего и ты».

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 103–105 (Sahassavagga).

Dhammapada 103–105, rearranged, with an ending of Tolstoy's. He puts the self-conqueror first and keeps v. 104 ('One's own self conquered is better than all other people'). In place of v. 105 ('not even a god, a Gandharva, not Mara with Brahman could change into defeat the victory of a man who has vanquished himself') he writes «Тот, кто победил других людей в сражении, может быть побежден, но тот, кто победил себя и владеет собою, останется навсегда победителем»: the conqueror of others may be conquered. Conway prints Müller's three verses under 'Least and Greatest'; Tolstoy may have read them there or in Müller. Not in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 400, 406, 408 (Brāhmaṇavagga).

Conway joins Dhammapada 400, 408, and 406, in Müller's words, into one portrait of 'the true Man' ('him I call indeed a Man', where Müller has 'a Brahmana'), and Tolstoy follows his order. Tolstoy turns the portrait into a wish in the first person: «Главные мои желания в том, чтобы…», closing «Вот в чем мои главные желания». He keeps 'free from anger' («никогда не сердиться»), 'utters true speech … so that he offend no one', 'tolerant with the intolerant', and 'free from passion among the passionate'; 'free from hardness' becomes «говорить ее любовно» (speak it lovingly) and 'mild with fault-finders' «добрым с осуждающими»; 'dutiful, virtuous, without weakness and subdued' and 'instructive' are left out. Not in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 173 (Lokavagga).

Dhammapada 173, as in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 28 January, less its «впоследствии». Müller's 'like the moon when freed from clouds' (Pali abbhā muttova candimā) becomes «подобно месяцу в облачной ночи», like the moon on a cloudy night, and 'this world' becomes «этом мрачном мире» (Müller's next verse, 174, begins 'This world is dark'). Both readings are already in the 1903 text, whose Dhammapada came from Gerasimov's Russian (1898, not seen), so the change may be Gerasimov's.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 223 (Kodhavagga).

Close to the Pali, 'conquer anger by non-anger (akkodhena), the bad by good, the miser by giving, the liar by truth'. Müller has 'anger by love'; Tolstoy's «кротостью» (by meekness) is nearer the Pali, which suggests a source other than Müller, perhaps Gerasimov's Russian Dhammapada (1898), Tolstoy's source in 1903, not found online. Conway prints Müller's English (p. 307). Not in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 121-122 (Pāpavagga).

Tolstoy's 1903 text (Thoughts of Wise Men, 9 December), whose Dhammapada came from Gerasimov's Russian (1898; Jubilee vol. 40), not found online. Verse 121 is word for word the 1903 text and close to Müller. In v. 122 Tolstoy changes two things for the Circle: 'It will not come nigh unto me' (1903: «оно ведь не приблизится ко мне») becomes «нет во мне сил воспринять добро» (I have no strength to take in the good), and 'the wise man' (Pali dhīro; 1903: «мудрый») becomes «человек, стремящийся к благу» (a man who strives for the good). Pali: 'do not think lightly of good, "it will not come to me"; by the falling of drops even a water-jar is filled; the wise man fills himself with good, gathering it little by little'.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 270 (Dhammaṭṭhavagga).

Tolstoy's 1903 text (Thoughts of Wise Men, 28 May), whose Dhammapada was N. Gerasimov's Russian (1898; Jubilee vol. 40), not found online, recast for the Circle and printed in italics throughout. The verse says a man is not noble (ariya) because he harms living beings; by not harming any living being he is called noble (Müller: 'A man is not an elect (Ariya) because he injures living creatures; because he has pity on all living creatures, therefore is a man called Ariya'). In 1903 the noble man is «властитель» and «избранный» (lord, elect). The Circle makes it a comparison with the animals: «Не потому человек выше других животных, что он может бессердечно мучить их, но потому, что он жалеет их» (man is higher than the other animals not because he can torment them heartlessly but because he pities them). 'All living creatures' (sabbapāṇānaṁ) become 'the other animals', the title of noble or elect drops out, and «бессердечно» (heartlessly), already in 1903, is not in the Pali or Müller.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 165 (Attavagga).

Tolstoy's 1903 text (Thoughts of Wise Men, 31 July), from Gerasimov's Russian (1898; not found online), recast for the Circle. 1903 follows the verse: «Сам творишь злое — сам страждешь» (Müller: 'By oneself the evil is done, by oneself one suffers'). The Circle has «Сам совершаешь грех, сам замышляешь зло» (you yourself commit sin, you yourself devise evil): the suffering (Pali saṅkilissati, 'is defiled') drops out and a second act of evil takes its place. 'By oneself evil is left undone, by oneself one is purified' becomes «сам убегаешь от греха, сам очищаешь помыслы» (you yourself flee sin, you yourself purify your thoughts; 1903: «сам же очищаешь себя от зла»). 'Purity and impurity belong to oneself' becomes «сам собой ты порочен или чист» (vicious or pure), and 'no one can purify another' becomes «другому не спасти тебя» (another cannot save you; 1903: «никто иной не будет твоим спасителем»): purifying becomes saving, as in 1903.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 286-289 (Maggavagga).

Tolstoy's 1903 text (Thoughts of Wise Men, 15 August, signed «Dhammapada»), from Gerasimov's Russian (1898; not found online), shortened. The Circle drops the simile that ends the first paragraph in 1903 and in the verse, «как наводнение смывает спящую деревню» (as a flood carries off a sleeping village), and «быстро» (quickly) before clearing the way, and puts the present «расчищает» for the 1903 future «расчистит». Against the Pali: the fool plans to spend 'the rains here, here winter and summer' (Tolstoy: here in the rains, there in summer); he 'does not see the danger' (antarāyaṁ na bujjhati), which Müller and Tolstoy make 'does not think of his death'; death carries off 'the man intoxicated with sons and cattle, his mind clinging' (Tolstoy: «озабоченного, корыстного, рассеянного», anxious, greedy, distracted); the path 'leading to Nibbāna' is «путь, ведущий к успокоению» (to peace), as in 1903. The Jubilee editors gave no bracket here; the four verses are Dhammapada 286-289, and in 1903 Tolstoy signed them «Dhammapada».

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 62 (Bālavagga).

Tolstoy's 1903 text (Thoughts of Wise Men, 12 December, signed «Dhammapada»), from Gerasimov's Russian (1898; not found online), word for word. Close to the verse: 'with such thoughts a fool is tormented' (vihaññati; Müller) is «вот мысли безумца» (such are the thoughts of a fool), the torment left out, and 'He himself does not belong to himself; how much less sons and wealth?' becomes the question «Как могут сыновья и богатства принадлежать ему, когда он сам не принадлежит себе?» (how can sons and wealth belong to him when he does not belong to himself?). The Jubilee editors gave no bracket here; the verse is Dhammapada 62.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 212 (Piyavagga).

Tolstoy's 1903 text (Thoughts of Wise Men, 29 August, signed «Dhammapada»), from Gerasimov's Russian (1898; not found online); the Circle has «уже» for «уж». Close to Müller's v. 212, phrase for phrase. The Pali piya is 'what is dear': 'from the dear springs grief, from the dear springs fear; for one freed from the dear there is no grief, whence fear?'; Müller and Tolstoy have 'pleasure' («наслаждение»). Verses 213-216 repeat the line with affection, delight (rati; Müller: 'lust'), desire, and craving; Müller's 'pleasure' is v. 212.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 178 (Lokavagga).

Tolstoy's 1903 text (Thoughts of Wise Men, 12 November, signed «Dhammapada»), from Gerasimov's Russian (1898; not found online); the Circle has «землей» for «землею». Close to the verse: 'better than sole rule over the earth, than going to heaven, than lordship over all the worlds, is the fruit of stream-entry' (sotāpattiphala), the first of the four stages of the path. Müller calls it 'the reward of the first step in holiness'; Tolstoy's «святая радость первых ступеней освобождения» (the holy joy of the first steps of liberation) makes the fruit a joy and the stage a step toward liberation.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 119, 125, 127 (Pāpavagga); Conway (1874), no. DCCIX, Evil, pp. 447-448.

Three verses as Conway prints them in his section 'Evil' (Max Müller's translation): 119, part of 125, and 127. Verse 119 is close: 'Even an evil-doer sees happiness as long as his evil deed has not ripened; but when his evil deed has ripened, then does the evil-doer see evil' («Злой человек счастлив, пока сделанное им зло не созрело; но когда оно созрело, тогда злой человек познает зло»). Of 125, 'If a man offend a harmless, pure, and innocent person, the evil falls back upon that fool, like light dust thrown up against the wind', Tolstoy drops the innocent victim and keeps a general law: «Зло возвращается на того, кто его сделал, так же как пыль, брошенная против ветра» (evil returns upon the one who did it, like dust thrown against the wind). Verse 127 is close. Conway's section also has 121 and 124, which Tolstoy leaves out. Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 12 August, gives 119-120 in other words.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 64, with v. 63 (Bālavagga); Conway (1874), no. CLXXXII, Folly, pp. 116-117.

Dhammapada 64 in the words Conway prints (Max Müller's translation): 'If a fool be associated with a wise man all his life, he will perceive the truth as little as a spoon perceives the taste of soup.' Tolstoy makes the fool «самоуверенный человек» (a self-assured man), taking up the verse before it in Conway, 'a fool who thinks himself wise, he is called a fool indeed', and the soup «того, что она передает в рот» (what it carries to the mouth). The Pali has dabbī sūparasaṁ, 'the ladle the taste of the sauce.' Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 27 May, signed Dhammapada, gives the verse in other words. «Восточная мудрость» is the Dhammapada.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 252-253 (Malavagga).

Dhammapada 252-253, reworded. Max Müller: 'The fault of others is easily perceived, but that of oneself is difficult to perceive; a man winnows his neighbour's faults like chaff, but his own fault he hides, as a cheat hides the bad die from the gambler.' For the winnowing Tolstoy has «любят разбираться в ошибках своих ближних» (they like to pick over their neighbours' mistakes), and for the cheat's die «как вор старается спрятать свою отмычку» (as a thief tries to hide his picklock; Pali kaliṁva kitavā saṭho, 'as a crafty gambler a losing throw'). Verse 253, 'If a man looks after the faults of others, and is always inclined to be offended, his own passions will grow, and he is far from the destruction of passions', becomes «Человек любит осуждать других; он смотрит только на ошибки людей, а его собственные страсти разрастаются всё более и более, удаляя его от улучшения» (a man likes to condemn others … and his own passions grow, moving him away from improvement): the destruction of the passions (āsavakkhaya) becomes improvement. The thief and the picklock are in neither Müller nor Conway; Gerasimov's Russian Dhammapada (1898), the source of the 1903 Dhammapada entries and not online, may have them. Not in Conway or in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903). The bracket [Дхаммапада] is the Jubilee editors'.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 227 (Kodhavagga); Conway (1874), no. CCCCLXXXII, Blame, p. 307.

Dhammapada 227 as Conway prints it (Max Müller's translation), without its opening, 'This is an old saying, O Atula, this is not only of to-day.' The rest is close: 'They blame him who sits silent, they blame him who speaks much, they also blame him who says little; there is no one on earth who is not blamed' («Осуждают того, кто молчит; осуждают того, кто много говорит; осуждают и того, кто мало говорит. Нет того человека, которого бы не осуждали»). Thoughts of Wise Men (1903) has the verse (July 16) in another wording, Gerasimov's Russian Dhammapada (1898), which the Circle's August entries follow.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 176 (Lokavagga).

Tolstoy's 1903 version (Thoughts of Wise Men, 21 June), whose Dhammapada was N. Gerasimov's Russian (1898; Jubilee vol. 40), not found online, shortened for the Circle: «Лживый, дурной» (lying, bad) and «беззаботно» (carelessly) are struck. The verse: for one who has transgressed one law (ekaṁ dhammaṁ), who speaks falsely, and who has given up the other world, there is no evil he would not do (Müller: 'If a man has transgressed one law, and speaks lies, and scoffs at another world, there is no evil he will not do'). The Russian makes 'has given up the other world' into a belief, «думает, что со смертью вполне уже кончится его жизнь» (thinks that with death his life will wholly end), which suits the day's theme of eternal life; 'one law' becomes «закон» (the law), and 'there is no evil he will not do' becomes «способен склоняться ко всему злому» (is capable of inclining to every evil). With the liar struck in the Circle, nothing of musāvādī remains. Whether the belief in death's finality was Gerasimov's or Tolstoy's is not known.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 315 (Nirayavagga).

Tolstoy's 1903 version (Thoughts of Wise Men, 23 June; Gerasimov's Russian Dhammapada of 1898, not found online, behind it), with a clause added for the Circle: «ни на одно мгновение не упуская себя из вида, в особенности в отношениях с людьми» (never for a moment losing sight of himself, especially in dealings with people). The verse: as a border city is guarded within and without, so guard yourselves; let not the moment pass you by, for those who let it pass grieve, consigned to hell (Müller: 'Like a well-guarded frontier fort, with defences within and without, so let a man guard himself. Not a moment should escape, for they who allow the right moment to pass, suffer pain when they are in hell'). In the Russian the guarded city becomes sentries watching a fortress («как дозоры бдительно сторожат крепость»), 'the moment' becomes «решительную минуту в жизни» (the decisive moment in life), and grieving in hell becomes «неминуемо вступит на путь в преисподнюю» (will surely set out on the road to the underworld). Only the clause about dealings with people is new in the Circle.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 349-350 (Taṇhāvagga).

Dhammapada 349-350 in N. Gerasimov's Russian (1898), which Tolstoy printed in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 16 June, and shortened for the Circle. The Jubilee vol. 40 commentary names Gerasimov as Tolstoy's Dhammapada; earlier months did not find it online, and it is on archive.org (a scan uploaded in 2023, its OCR saved here; the OCR misreads many pre-reform letters). Against the Pali the changes are Gerasimov's: 'crushed by thoughts' (vitakkamathita; Müller 'tossed about by doubts') and 'of strong passion' become one image, «охвачен пламенем страстных влечений» (seized by the flame of passionate desires); 'he cultivates [the contemplation of] the unlovely' (asubhaṁ bhāvayate; Müller 'dwells on what is not delightful (the impurity of the body)') becomes «счастлив тем, в чем люди не понимают счастья» (happy in what people do not understand as happiness); 'Mara's bond' becomes «цепи смерти» (the chains of death). The 1903 text is Gerasimov's except «не видят счастия» (do not see happiness) for «не понимают счастья». For the Circle Tolstoy rewords the first verse: «кто жаждет того, что восхитительно» (who thirsts for what is delightful; Müller 'yearning only for what is delightful') becomes «кто жаждет наслаждений» (who thirsts for pleasures), and «тот всё растит только свои похоти и сам себя навсегда крепко закует в цепи» (he keeps feeding only his lusts and will chain himself fast forever) becomes «тот всё растит свои похоти и сам заковывает себя в цепи» (he keeps feeding his lusts and chains himself). The second verse is the 1903 text unchanged.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 244-245 (Malavagga).

Dhammapada 244-245 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), which Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 1 June, prints word for word. For the Circle Tolstoy reverses the verses' point. The Pali says that life really is easy for the shameless and hard for the modest (Müller: 'Life is easy to live for a man who is without shame … But life is hard to live for a modest man, who always looks for what is pure'). Tolstoy makes it only seem so: «Кажется, что … живется легко» (it seems that … lives easily) and «что тяжела жизнь того …» (that the life of … is hard), and adds «но это только кажется. Первый всегда тревожен, второй всегда спокоен» (but this only seems so. The first is always anxious, the second always calm). He also has «смертного» (mortal) where 1903 and Gerasimov have «смиренного» (humble; Pali hirīmant, 'modest'); whether by intent or a misreading of the one word for the other is not known. The list of vices is Gerasimov's rendering (kākasūra, 'crow-hero', is «хвастуну», braggart), and Gerasimov leaves out 'spotless' (suddhājīva).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 316 (Nirayavagga).

Dhammapada 316 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), as printed in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 21 January; the Circle repeats it word for word. Close to the verse: 'they are ashamed of what is not shameful and not ashamed of what is shameful; holding wrong views (micchādiṭṭhi), beings go to a bad destination (duggati)'. Gerasimov's «следуя ложному мнению» (following a false opinion) is the wrong view, and «злой путь погибели» (the evil path of perdition) the bad destination (Müller: 'such men, embracing false doctrines enter the evil path').

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 227-228 (Kodhavagga).

Dhammapada 227-228 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), as printed in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 16 July, with small changes of wording for the Circle: «кто сидит в молчании» (who sits in silence) becomes «кто молчит» (who is silent), the second «высмеивают» is dropped, «кто бы не был порицаем» becomes «кого бы не осуждали» (whom they did not condemn), and «кто всегда был бы хвалим» becomes «кого бы всегда хвалили» (whom they always praised). Close to the verses. Gerasimov turns the opening, 'this is an old saying, O Atula, this is not only of to-day', into «И теперь и прежде» (now and before), and the first 'they blame' (nindanti) into «высмеивают» (they mock). The Circle prints v. 227 again on June 25 (6-25.6) in another Russian, from Conway's English; June's trace says that verse is not in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), which holds only for that wording: the 1903 book has both verses in Gerasimov's.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 37 (Cittavagga).

Dhammapada 37 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), as printed in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 4 September; the Circle repeats it word for word. Close to the verse: the mind 'travelling far, moving alone, bodiless, lying in the cave (of the heart)' is «Вдаль несутся бестелесные помыслы, тихо крадутся они, глубоко сокровенные» (far rush the bodiless thoughts, quietly they steal, deeply hidden), and those who restrain it 'will be freed from the bonds of Mara'. Gerasimov has «освободится от уз соблазна» (will be freed from the bonds of temptation), Mara read as the tempter, as Müller glosses him; the 1903 text, followed by the Circle, has «от их соблазна» (from their temptation).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 165 (Attavagga).

The same verse as May 7 (5-7.5), whose Circle text this repeats except «зол» (evil) where May has «порочен» (vicious). The 1903 text (Thoughts of Wise Men, 31 July) is Gerasimov's Russian (1898), now seen, in modern spelling, and it follows the verse. The Circle's changes are Tolstoy's: «Сам совершаешь грех, сам замышляешь зло» (you yourself commit sin, you yourself devise evil) for «Сам творишь злое — сам страждешь» (Müller: 'By oneself the evil is done, by oneself one suffers'): the suffering (saṅkilissati, 'is defiled') drops out and a second act of evil takes its place; «сам убегаешь от греха, сам очищаешь помыслы» (you yourself flee sin, you yourself purify your thoughts) for «сам бежишь от греховного — сам же очищаешь себя от зла»; 'purity and impurity belong to oneself' becomes «сам собой ты зол или чист» (by yourself you are evil or pure); and 'no one can purify another' becomes «другому не спасти тебя» (another cannot save you), purifying made saving, as Gerasimov already has it («никто иной не будет твоим спасителем»).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 197, 199, 200 (Sukhavagga).

Three of the four 'Let us live happily' verses, in Gerasimov's Russian (1898) as printed in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 14 January. Verse 198 ('free from ailments among the ailing'), which Gerasimov has, was already left out in 1903, and 1903 recast the end of v. 197, Gerasimov's «среди ненавидящих нас мы пребываем, свободные от вражды» (among those who hate us we abide, free from enmity), as «если среди ненавидящих мы живем свободные от вражды» (if we live among those who hate, free from enmity). For the Circle Tolstoy drops «свободные от вражды» (free from enmity) at the end of the first verse, so that it ends «если среди ненавидящих мы живем!..» (if we live among those who hate!). The rest is the 1903 text. The last line is Gerasimov's rendering: 'we shall feed on joy (pītibhakkhā) like the radiant gods' becomes «Светлым богам подобны мы, напоенные святостью» (like the bright gods are we, filled with holiness); joy becomes holiness.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 256-258 (Dhammaṭṭhavagga).

Dhammapada 256-258 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), as Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 21 March, prints it, with three changes for the Circle. «Творит дела насилия» (does deeds of violence; Gerasimov «творит дело с насилием», does a thing with violence) becomes «делает что-нибудь посредством насилия» (does anything by means of violence). «Руководит ими не насилием, но законом и справедливостью» (leads them not by violence but by law and justice; Müller 'not by violence, but by law and equity', Pali asāhasena dhammena samena) drops the law: «не насилием, но справедливостью» (not by violence but by justice). «Истинно правдивым» (truly truthful) becomes «истинно праведным» (truly righteous), nearer the Pali dhammaṭṭha, 'one who stands in the dhamma' (Müller 'just'). Verse 258 is the 1903 text unchanged and close to the Pali ('one is not wise because he speaks much; the one at peace, without enmity, without fear, is called wise'), Gerasimov making 'speaks much' «держит добрые и красивые речи» (makes good and fine speeches).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 383 (Brāhmaṇavagga), its second half.

The second half of Dhammapada 383 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), which Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 29 December, gives alone, with «разрушимость» (destructibility) for Gerasimov's «разрушаемость» (being destroyed); the Circle repeats the 1903 text, and with it the next 1903 thought (the Talmud, 9-18.7). Left out is the first half, the call to the brahmin (Müller: 'Stop the stream valiantly, drive away the desires, O Brahmana!'). What is kept is close to the Pali, saṅkhārānaṁ khayaṁ ñatvā, akataññū 'si ('knowing the destruction of the formations, you know the unmade'; Müller 'When you have understood the destruction of all that was made, you will understand that which was not made'); the unmade (akata, nibbāna) is Gerasimov's «вечно неизменное» (the eternally unchanging).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 163 (Attavagga).

Dhammapada 163 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), as Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 24 December, prints it (with «совершаются» for Gerasimov's «свершаются»), changed in one word for the Circle: the good is done «только с трудом и усилием» (only with labor and effort) where 1903 and Gerasimov have «с трудом и неохотой» (with labor and reluctance). Close to the Pali, sukarāni asādhūni attano ahitāni ca, yaṁ ve hitañca sādhuñca taṁ ve paramadukkaraṁ ('easy to do are things not good and harmful to oneself; what is beneficial and good is supremely hard to do'; Müller 'very difficult to do'), which speaks of difficulty, as «усилием» does, and says nothing of reluctance. The Circle prints the verse in italics.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 3-5 (Yamakavagga).

Dhammapada 3-5 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), as Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 20 January, prints them; the Circle repeats 1903 word for word. Gerasimov repeats all four complaints in v. 4, as the Pali does; 1903 drops the fourth there, «он оскорбил меня» (he insulted me). Gerasimov's complaints depart from the Pali, akkocchi maṁ avadhi maṁ ajini maṁ ahāsi me ('he abused me, he struck me, he defeated me, he robbed me'; Müller the same): «он обидел меня, он восторжествовал надо мною, он поработил меня, он оскорбил меня» (he wronged me, he triumphed over me, he enslaved me, he insulted me). For 'those who harbour such thoughts' (ye ca taṁ upanayhanti) he has «в сердце, встревоженном такими мыслями» (in a heart troubled by such thoughts), and for those who do not, «кто не дает в себе убежища таким помыслам» (who gives such thoughts no shelter in himself). Verse 5 is close: hatred is never quenched by hatred, but by non-hatred (averena; Müller and Gerasimov 'by love'), 'this is the eternal law' (esa dhammo sanantano; Müller 'an old rule').

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 281 (Maggavagga).

Dhammapada 281 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), as Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 9 June, prints it, with the end changed for the Circle: «ты вступишь на путь, начертанный мудрым» (you will enter the path traced by the wise one; Gerasimov capitalizes «Мудрым», the Buddha) becomes «ты вступишь на путь истины» (you will enter the path of truth). The Pali ends ārādhaye maggam isippaveditaṁ ('he will gain the path made known by the sages'; Müller 'he will achieve the way which is taught by the wise'): Tolstoy removes the teacher and names the path by its goal. The Path of Life (1910) returns to the 1903 wording, signed «Буддийское учение». The rest is close: 'guarding speech, well restrained in mind, let him do no wrong with the body; let him purify these three ways of action'; Gerasimov puts thought before speech («Блюди себя в мыслях, блюди в слове»), where the Pali puts speech first.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 284 (Maggavagga) and 342 (Taṇhāvagga).

Dhammapada 284 and 342 in N. Gerasimov's Russian (1898), joined into one thought by Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 26 April, signed «Dhammapada»; the Circle keeps v. 284 as 1903 has it and changes v. 342. In v. 284, 1903 already had «дух твой» (thy spirit) where the scan of Gerasimov reads «твой я» (thy self), and repeats «привязан» (bound) at the end. The verse is close to the Pali: Yāva hi vanatho na chijjati … paṭibaddhamanova tāva so, vaccho khīrapakova mātari ('as long as the thicket [of desire] of a man toward women, even the smallest, is not cut down, so long is his mind bound, like a sucking calf to its mother'; Müller 'so long is his mind in bondage, as the calf that drinks milk is to its mother'); 'thicket' is Gerasimov's «похотливую привязанность» (lustful attachment), Müller's 'love'. In v. 342 the Circle drops «навсегда» (forever), makes Gerasimov's and 1903's «в путах жажды» (in the bonds of thirst) «в путах телесных желаний» (in the bonds of bodily desires), and has «снова и снова» (again and again) where 1903 had «вновь» (anew) and Gerasimov «вновь и вновь» (anew and anew); «попавшему» (caught) is 1903's «попавшемуся». The thirst is the Pali's craving: Tasiṇāya purakkhatā pajā, parisappanti sasova bandhito; saṁyojanasaṅgasattakā, dukkhamupenti punappunaṁ cirāya ('people led on by craving run about like a snared hare; held by fetters and attachments, they come to suffering again and again, for long'; Müller 'Men, driven on by thirst'). Gerasimov had already made the craving of the first line «похоть» (lust); the Circle makes the second line's thirst bodily desire as well.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 63 (Bālavagga).

Dhammapada 63 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), as Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 27 May, prints it, with the second half rewritten for the Circle and the whole set in italics. Gerasimov and 1903: «но тот неразумен (Gerasimov: «неразумный, который»), кто твердо уверен в своей мудрости — тот уже истинно безумец» (but he is unreasoning who is firmly sure of his wisdom; he is truly a madman). The Circle: «но, наверное, нет ума в том, кто твердо уверен в своей мудрости» (but surely there is no sense in him who is firmly sure of his wisdom). The verdict that closes the verse, sa ve “bālo”ti vuccati ('he is called a fool indeed', Müller), goes, and the second half now answers the first: there is still sense in the fool who knows his folly, and none in the man sure of his wisdom. The first half is close to the Pali ('the fool who knows his folly is wise at least in that'; Müller 'is wise at least so far'), which Gerasimov gives as «Есть еще ум» (there is still sense). In 1903 verse 64 follows (10-11.7).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 64 (Bālavagga).

Dhammapada 64 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), word for word as Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 27 May, prints it after verse 63 (10-11.6); «нимало» is Gerasimov's «ни мало» (the scan's «Вею» is «Всю»). Close to the Pali: 'even if a fool attends on a wise man all his life, he does not know the dhamma, as the spoon does not know the taste of the soup' (Müller: 'he will perceive the truth as little as a spoon perceives the taste of soup'). The dhamma is «истина» (truth), as in Müller, and the soup «пища» (food), both Gerasimov's. June's 6-13.3 is the same verse in Conway's English.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada (Nirayavagga, ch. 22), v. 317.

Close to the verse: fearing the not-fearful and not fearing the fearful, holding wrong views, beings go to a bad destination. Tolstoy's 'не содрогается' (does not shudder) and 'злой путь погибели' (evil path of perdition) slightly intensify Müller's 'fear not' and 'the evil path' (Pali duggati).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 21 + 379.

v. 21 faithful (appamāda 'earnestness' rendered 'размышление', reflection), joined to v. 379 (its Pali is not quoted here), whose 'live happily' becomes 'be unchanging'.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 173 + 178.

Two verses joined, each close to Müller; 'the reward of the first step in holiness' becomes 'the joy of the first steps towards holiness'.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 159, 160, 161, 165, 166.

Five verses of the Attavagga strung together, each close to Müller; 'the foolish' becomes 'a man', 'precious stone' 'stone', and 'for the sake of another's (duty), however great' becomes 'to please another, whoever he may be'.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 224.

Faithful to Müller, except 'the gods' (devāna) becomes 'the saints'.