Leo Tolstoy as EditorЛев Толстой — редактор
Tolstoy kept fewer than half of the passages he quoted close to their originals. He shortened them, joined them, and changed their words, keeping the writer’s meaning as he understood it. The chart counts what he did with each.Толстой оставил близкими к подлиннику меньше половины приведенных им отрывков. Он сокращал их, соединял и менял слова, сохраняя смысл автора, как он его понимал. Таблица показывает, что он сделал с каждым.
| Kept close to the originalБлизко к подлиннику | 562 | |
|---|---|---|
| ShortenedСокращено | 238 | |
| Joined from several placesСоединено из нескольких мест | 78 | |
| RewordedИзменены слова | 561 | |
| Source not yet foundИсточник еще не найден | 153 |
Six kinds of rewordingШесть видов изменения слов
The chart’s highlighted row counts the 561 passages he reworded. 506 of them fall into six kinds, each with one example below, the changed words highlighted; the other 55 are left out, for the reasons given at the end. All 506, kind by kind, are on one page: Выделенная строка таблицы — 561 отрывок, в которых он изменил слова. 506 из них делятся на шесть видов; у каждого вида ниже один пример, измененные слова выделены; остальные 55 не вошли, причины указаны в конце. Все 506, по видам, собраны на одной странице: All the reworded passages ›Все отрывки с измененными словами ›
Each kind leads to its example below, and from there to a page with all its passages.Каждый вид ведет к своему примеру ниже, а оттуда — к странице со всеми его отрывками.
1. Made plainСказано проще
A line lifted from its setting into a maxim, a coarse image softened, a question turned into a statement.Строка вынута из своего места и стала изречением, грубый образ смягчен, вопрос стал утверждением.
Original · Marcus Aurelius, translated by George Long
Art thou angry with him whose armpits stink? art thou angry with him whose mouth smells foul?
Tolstoy, in our translation
Can you reasonably be indignant at a man possessed by some loathsome disease? … Treat moral diseases in just the same way.
The coarse image becomes a disease, and Tolstoy adds the step from the body to the soul.
See all 96 examples of edits to make plain ›Все примеры упрощения (96) ›
2. A lesson addedДобавлен вывод
The source gives the thought; Tolstoy adds the moral, or retells it so the moral is plain.Источник дает мысль; Толстой добавляет вывод или пересказывает так, чтобы вывод был ясен.
Original · Lao-Tzu, translated by James Legge
The tree which fills the arms grew from the tiniest sprout; the tower of nine storeys rose from a (small) heap of earth; the journey of a thousand li commenced with a single step.
Tolstoy, in our translation
The thick tree began as a thin twig. … A journey of a thousand versts begins with a single step. Be attentive to your thoughts — they are the beginning of deeds.
The last sentence is Tolstoy’s own: the moral he draws from Lao-Tzu’s images.
See all 56 examples of a lesson added ›Все примеры добавленного вывода (56) ›
3. From one to allОт одного ко всем
What the source says of one person, people, or calling, Tolstoy says of everyone.Сказанное в источнике об одном человеке, народе или призвании Толстой говорит обо всех.
Original · Epictetus, translated by George Long
But if you go and blame your brother, I say to you, You have forgotten who you are and what is your name.
Tolstoy, in our translation
When you abuse a man and are at enmity with him, you forget that men are your brothers …
Epictetus means one’s own brother; Tolstoy makes every man a brother.
See all 22 examples of widening from one to all ›Все примеры перехода от одного ко всем (22) ›
4. Eastern ideas in moral wordsВосточные понятия — словами морали
Terms of Chinese and Jewish wisdom rendered as the virtues Tolstoy taught.Понятия китайской и еврейской мудрости переданы как добродетели, которым учил Толстой.
Original · Lao-Tzu, translated by James Legge
There are few in the world who attain to the teaching without words, and the advantage arising from non-action.
Tolstoy, in our translation
… great is the advantage of humility and the gain of silence. Only a few in the world can be humble.
Non-action becomes humility; teaching without words becomes silence.
5. Recast in Tolstoy’s faithВ духе веры Толстого
Nature, Zeus, the Redeemer, or one’s own judgments become God, the God within, or conscience, as Tolstoy believed.Природа, Зевс, Искупитель или собственные суждения человека становятся Богом, Богом внутри нас или совестью, как верил Толстой.
Original · John 12:36, King James Version
While ye have light, believe in the light, that ye may be the children of light.
Tolstoy, in our translation
While the light is in you, believe in the light, that you may be sons of light.
One word: the Russian Bible’s «свет с вами», the light with you, becomes «свет в вас», the light in you.
6. A different pointДругой смысл
A word or two changed, and the saying now means something else.Изменено слово или два — и изречение говорит уже другое.
Original · Henry David Thoreau, letter to Harrison Blake, 1848
Even the tenderest plants force their way up through the hardest earth and the crevices of rocks; but a man no material power can resist. What a wedge, what a beetle, what a catapult, is an earnest man!
Tolstoy, in our translation
The tenderest plants make their way through the hardest earth, through the cracks of rocks. So it is with kindness. What wedge, what hammer, what battering ram can compare with the strength of a kind, sincere man?
Thoreau writes of the force of an earnest man; Tolstoy makes it the force of kindness.
See all 243 examples of a different point ›Все примеры изменения смысла (243) ›
Left out: forty-six passages whose source is still uncertain, and nine, sayings of Confucius, Marcus Aurelius, the Agni Purana, Menedemus, the Gospel of Luke, Bismarck, the Laws of Manu, Goethe, and the Mohamudgara, whose change was made by the translation Tolstoy followed. Не вошли: сорок шесть отрывков с еще не установленным источником и девять изречений — Конфуция, Марка Аврелия, «Агни-пураны», Менедема, Евангелия от Луки, Бисмарка, «Законов Ману», Гёте и «Мохамудгары», — измененных в переводах, которыми пользовался Толстой. See them, and why ›Посмотреть их и причины ›