21Septemberсентября · 21-е сентября
Самое легкое и мелкое проявление свободы человека состоит в выборе из нескольких безразличных поступков: пойти направо или налево или оставаться на месте. Более трудное и высокое проявление есть выбор между следованием влечению чувства или воздержанием от него. Самое важное и нужное проявление свободы — это дать своей мысли то или другое направление.
The easiest and smallest manifestation of our freedom consists in choosing among several indifferent actions: to go right or left, or to stay where we are. A harder and higher manifestation is the choice between following the pull of a feeling and refraining from it. The most important and needful manifestation of freedom is to give our thought this direction or that.
1. Работай над очищением твоих мыслей. Если у тебя не будет дурных мыслей, не будет и дурных поступков.
1. Work at purifying your thoughts. If you have no bad thoughts, you will have no bad actions either.
Source not found yet .
Tolstoy’s own version · Путь жизниРаботай над очищением твоих мыслей. Если у тебя не будет дурных мыслей, не будет и дурных дел.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
Not found yet.
«Работай над очищением твоих мыслей. Если у тебя не будет дурных мыслей, не будет и дурных поступков» (work at purifying your thoughts; if you have no bad thoughts, you will have no bad deeds), printed in italics. No source in these words was found. It is not in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), where «Конфуций» marks Konissi's Great Learning and Doctrine of the Mean, and nothing in Pauthier or Legge says it. The nearest Confucian texts are Analects II.2, where the Odes are summed up in 思無邪 (Pauthier: «Que vos pensées ne soient point perverses», let your thoughts not be perverse), and the Great Learning's chain in which sincere thoughts come before a rectified heart (9-21.7, the same day); the claim that bad deeds follow only from bad thoughts is in neither. The Path of Life (1910) prints the saying again, signed «Конфуций», with «дел» (deeds) for «поступков» (acts).
Searched: Thoughts of Wise Men (1903) and the Jubilee vols. 39-43 and 45; Pauthier's Four Books (Ta Hio, Tchoung-young, Lun-yu, Mencius); Legge's Analects (1861) and his Great Learning and Doctrine of the Mean (1895); Conway's Sacred Anthology (1874); a web search in English for the saying.
2. Старайся не думать о том, что ты считаешь дурным.
2. Try not to think about what you consider bad.
Source not found yet .
Tolstoy’s own version · Путь жизниСтарайся не думать о том, что ты считаешь дурным.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
Not found yet.
One line, «Старайся не думать о том, что ты считаешь дурным» (try not to think of what you consider bad), which Tolstoy printed again in Путь жизни under «Мысль» (section XXIV, ch. III, no. 3). No passage of the Discourses or the Enchiridion says it in these words. Nearest in thought is Discourses II.18 ("How we must struggle against appearances"), where the disciple is told to stop an appearance before it draws its pictures; the line may be Chertkov's or Tolstoy's summary of such a passage, which could not be confirmed.
Searched: Thoughts of Wise Men (1903) and its source list in Jubilee vol. 40 (its Epictetus came from Chertkov's «Римский мудрец Эпиктет», Posrednik, 1889, not consulted); Long's English of the Discourses and the Enchiridion (Perseus), for not thinking of, keeping one's thoughts from, and what one judges bad or evil; Jubilee vols. 40, 41, 43, and 45.
3. Всё во власти Неба, кроме нашего желания служить богу или себе.
Нам нельзя мешать птицам пролетать над нашею головою, но мы властны не давать им на ней гнездиться. Точно так же нельзя нам воспрепятствовать дурным мыслям промелькать в голове нашей, но в нашей власти не давать им свить себе там гнездо, чтобы высиживать и выводить злые поступки.
3. Everything is in the power of Heaven except our desire to serve God or ourselves.
We cannot prevent the birds from flying over our head, but it is in our power not to let them nest on it. In just the same way we cannot prevent bad thoughts from flashing through our head, but it is in our power not to let them build themselves a nest there, to brood and hatch evil deeds.
Probably from Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot 33b · joined by Tolstoy from several places .
Tolstoy’s own version · Мысли мудрых людей на каждый деньВсё во власти неба, кроме нашего желания служить богу или себе. Талмуд.
Нам нельзя мешать птицам пролетать над нашей головою, но мы властны не давать им на ней гнездиться. Точно так же нельзя нам возбранить дурным мыслям промелькать в голове нашей, но в нашей власти не давать им свить себе там гнездо, чтобы высиживать и выводить злые поступки. Лютер.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
A likely source, not certain. Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot 33b (first sentence); a saying attributed to Luther (the rest), Berakhot 33b, saying of Rabbi Hanina; Мысли мудрых людей на каждый день (1903), 10 December, nos. 1 and 2.
Two thoughts joined under one signature by a printer's omission. In «Мысли мудрых людей на каждый день» (1903), 10 December, the first sentence is a thought of its own signed «Талмуд» in Tolstoy's manuscript, and the bird saying is signed «Лютер» (tolstoy). The vol. 40 commentary records that in the Posrednik printing “Под мыслью 1 на 10 декабря пропущена подпись «Талмуд»” (the signature «Талмуд» was left out under thought 1 of 10 December), so the two read as one thought of Luther's, and the Circle took them over as one, as it did the Tolstoy and Talmud thoughts of 4 December, which the same commentary describes. Tolstoy printed the joined text again under Luther in «На каждый день» (23 February, no. 7) and «Путь жизни» (ch. XXIV «Мысль», § IV, no. 4). The first sentence is Rabbi Hanina's saying, “everything is in the hands of Heaven except the fear of Heaven” (Berakhot 33b): Tolstoy's «кроме нашего желания служить богу или себе» (except our wish to serve God or ourselves) stands for “the fear of Heaven”, a gloss probably from one of his two Russian Talmud anthologies (Gurvich, 1901; «Мировоззрение талмудистов», 1874–76), neither online, so the wording cannot be checked. The bird saying (we cannot keep birds from flying over our heads, but can keep them from nesting there; so we cannot stop evil thoughts from passing through the head, but can keep them from building a nest to hatch evil deeds) circulates under Luther's name in German and English, in every quotation found without a reference; it was not found in a work of Luther's, and Tolstoy's source for it is unknown.
Searched: The Jubilee vol. 40 text and commentary; vols. 43 and 45; every saved source for birds with nest and head or hair in English and Vögel with Kopf and nisten in German; Southgate's two anthologies, Tileston, and Klopsch for Luther; Luther's Treatise on Good Works (Philadelphia ed., Gutenberg) for birds; web searches in German («Vögel» «Kopf» «nisten» Luther; «Vaterunser») and English («nest in your hair» Luther), which found only unreferenced quotations.
4. Едва ли есть что-либо более нужное для знания, для спокойной жизни и для успеха всякого дела, чем умение человека владеть своими мыслями.
4. There is hardly anything more necessary for knowledge, for a tranquil life, and for the success of any undertaking than a man’s ability to master his thoughts.
From Of the Conduct of the Understanding · close to the original .
Locke’s own wordsThere is scarce any thing more for the improvement of knowledge, for the ease of life, and the dispatch of business, than for a man to be able to dispose of his own thoughts; …
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Of the Conduct of the Understanding (published posthumously, 1706), § 45 'Transferring of Thoughts', p. 96 of Thomas Fowler's edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1881).
Close: the first clause of § 45. 'There is scarce any thing more for' becomes 'There is scarcely anything more needed for' (более нужное), 'the improvement of knowledge' becomes 'knowledge', 'the ease of life' becomes 'a quiet life', 'the dispatch of business' becomes 'the success of every undertaking' (для успеха всякого дела), and 'to be able to dispose of his own thoughts' becomes 'a man's ability to master his thoughts'. The older saved scan (sources/locke-conduct-understanding/conductoftheunde00lockuoft_djvu.txt, January's) garbles this page ('dispatch of busithan', 'his own noughts'), so Fowler's edition is saved beside it. No printable, for 'the improvement of' left out and 'needed' added.
5. Мысли — как гости; мы не ответственны за их первое посещение. Но вновь и часто они будут посещать нас, только смотря по тому, как мы принимаем их. То, что ты думаешь нынче, ты сделаешь завтра.
5. Thoughts are like guests: we are not responsible for their first visit. But whether they visit us again, and often, depends only on how we receive them. What you think today, you will do tomorrow.
6. «Он обидел меня, он восторжествовал надо мною, он поработил меня, он оскорбил меня», — в сердце, встревоженном такими мыслями, никогда не угаснет ненависть.
«Он обидел меня, он восторжествовал надо мною, он поработил меня», — кто не дает в себе убежища таким помыслам, тот навсегда заглушит в себе ненависть.
Ибо не ненавистью побеждается исходящее из ненависти: оно угашается любовью — таков вечный закон.
6. “He wronged me, he triumphed over me, he enslaved me, he insulted me” — in a heart troubled by such thoughts, hatred will never be extinguished.
“He wronged me, he triumphed over me, he enslaved me” — whoever gives such notions no refuge in himself will stifle hatred in himself forever.
For what comes from hatred is not overcome by hatred: it is extinguished by love — such is the eternal law.
From Dhammapada · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · Путь к истине… онъ восторжествовалъ надо мною, онъ поработилъ меня, онъ оскорбилъ меня“, …
… не даеть въ себЪ убъжища такимъ помысламъ, …
Ибо не ненавистью побфждается исходящее изъ ненависти: оно угашается любовью, —таковъ вЪчный законъ.
Source text: archive.orgOriginal · PaliAkkocchi maṁ avadhi maṁ, …
… veraṁ tesaṁ na sammati.
Na hi verena verāni, …
… esa dhammo sanantano.
Source text: raw.githubusercontent.comIn English · F. Max Müller, 18813. "He abused me, he beat me, he defeated me, he robbed me,"--in those who harbour such thoughts hatred will never cease.
4. "He abused me, he beat me, he defeated me, he robbed me,"--in those who do not harbour such thoughts hatred will cease.
5. For hatred does not cease by hatred at any time: hatred ceases by love, this is an old rule.
Source text: gutenberg.orgTolstoy’s own version · Мысли мудрых людей на каждый день«Он обидел меня, он восторжествовал надо мною, он поработил меня, он оскорбил меня», — в сердце, встревоженном такими мыслями, никогда не угаснет ненависть.
«Он обидел меня, он восторжествовал надо мною, он поработил меня», — кто не дает в себе убежища таким помыслам, тот навсегда заглушит в себе ненависть.
Ибо не ненавистью побеждается исходящее из ненависти: оно угашается любовью — таков вечный закон.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, vv. 3-5 (Yamakavagga).
Dhammapada 3-5 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), as Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 20 January, prints them; the Circle repeats 1903 word for word. Gerasimov repeats all four complaints in v. 4, as the Pali does; 1903 drops the fourth there, «он оскорбил меня» (he insulted me). Gerasimov's complaints depart from the Pali, akkocchi maṁ avadhi maṁ ajini maṁ ahāsi me ('he abused me, he struck me, he defeated me, he robbed me'; Müller the same): «он обидел меня, он восторжествовал надо мною, он поработил меня, он оскорбил меня» (he wronged me, he triumphed over me, he enslaved me, he insulted me). For 'those who harbour such thoughts' (ye ca taṁ upanayhanti) he has «в сердце, встревоженном такими мыслями» (in a heart troubled by such thoughts), and for those who do not, «кто не дает в себе убежища таким помыслам» (who gives such thoughts no shelter in himself). Verse 5 is close: hatred is never quenched by hatred, but by non-hatred (averena; Müller and Gerasimov 'by love'), 'this is the eternal law' (esa dhammo sanantano; Müller 'an old rule').
7. Когда определится взгляд на вещи, то будет приобретено знание; когда приобретено знание, то воля будет стремиться к правде; когда стремление воли удовлетворено, то сердце сделается добрым.
7. When the view of things is settled, then knowledge will be acquired; when knowledge is acquired, then the will will strive toward truth; when the striving of the will is satisfied, then the heart will become good.
From The Great Learning · shortened by Tolstoy .
In English · James Legge, 1895Their knowledge being complete, their thoughts were sincere.
Their thoughts being sincere, their hearts were then rectified. Their hearts being rectified, their persons were cultivated.
Source text: archive.orgTolstoy’s own version · Мысли мудрых людей на каждый деньКогда определится взгляд на вещи, то будет приобретено знание; когда приобретено знание, то воля будет стремиться к правде; когда стремление воли удовлетворено, то сердце сделается добрым; когда сердце сделается добрым, то будет приобретен нравственный взгляд на вещи, ведущий к добродетели.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. The Great Learning (Daxue), the text, § 5 (Legge and Pauthier § 5).
The first links of the Great Learning's chain in D. Konissi's Russian («Великая наука Конфуция», Вопросы философии и психологии, 1893, кн. 1 (16), pp. 25-40; not found online), as Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 12 March, prints it signed «Конфуций». The Circle drops the last 1903 clause, «когда сердце сделается добрым, то будет приобретен нравственный взгляд на вещи, ведущий к добродетели» (when the heart becomes good, a moral view of things leading to virtue will be acquired), and keeps the rest word for word. Against the Chinese, 物格而後知至，知至而後意誠，意誠而後心正 (Legge: 'Things being investigated, knowledge became complete. Their knowledge being complete, their thoughts were sincere. Their thoughts being sincere, their hearts were then rectified'), the Russian keeps the order and is freer in its terms: 'things investigated' is «определится взгляд на вещи» (one's view of things is settled), 'thoughts sincere' «воля будет стремиться к правде» (the will strives toward truth) and «стремление воли удовлетворено» (the striving of the will is satisfied), 'hearts rectified' «сердце сделается добрым» (the heart becomes good). Pauthier's French is another wording («Les principes des actions étant pénétrés et approfondis, les connaissances morales parviennent ensuite à leur dernier degré de perfection»). Zhu Xi takes this part of the book, its 'text', for Confucius's words, as Pauthier says («il contient les propres paroles de KHOUNG-TSEU»), so the signature stands.
8. Блюди себя в мыслях, блюди в слове, охраняй от всего дурного свои действия. Соблюдая чистоту этих трех путей, ты вступишь на путь истины.
8. Watch over yourself in thought, watch over yourself in word, guard your actions from all that is bad. Keeping these three ways pure, you will enter on the way of truth.
From Dhammapada · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changed“The way which is taught by the wise” (in Gerasimov’s Russian, which Tolstoy’s 1903 version copies, the path traced “by the Wise One,” the Buddha) becomes “the way of truth”: the teacher drops out, and the path is named by its goal.
What Tolstoy read · Путь к истинеБлюди себя въ мысляхъ, блюди въ словЪ, …
Соблюдая чистоту этихъ трехъ путей, ты вступишь на путь, начертанный Мудрымъ.
Source text: archive.orgOriginal · PaliVācānurakkhī manasā susaṁvuto, …
Kāyena ca nākusalaṁ kayirā; …
Ete tayo kammapathe visodhaye, …
Ārādhaye maggamisippaveditaṁ.
Source text: raw.githubusercontent.comIn English · F. Max Müller, 1881281. Watching his speech, well restrained in mind, let a man never commit any wrong with his body! Let a man but keep these three roads of action clear, and he will achieve the way which is taught by the wise.
Source text: gutenberg.orgTolstoy’s own version · Мысли мудрых людей на каждый деньБлюди себя в мыслях, блюди в слове, охраняй от всего дурного свои действия. Соблюдая чистоту этих трех путей, ты вступишь на путь, начертанный мудрым.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Dhammapada, v. 281 (Maggavagga).
Dhammapada 281 in Gerasimov's Russian (1898), as Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 9 June, prints it, with the end changed for the Circle: «ты вступишь на путь, начертанный мудрым» (you will enter the path traced by the wise one; Gerasimov capitalizes «Мудрым», the Buddha) becomes «ты вступишь на путь истины» (you will enter the path of truth). The Pali ends ārādhaye maggam isippaveditaṁ ('he will gain the path made known by the sages'; Müller 'he will achieve the way which is taught by the wise'): Tolstoy removes the teacher and names the path by its goal. The Path of Life (1910) returns to the 1903 wording, signed «Буддийское учение». The rest is close: 'guarding speech, well restrained in mind, let him do no wrong with the body; let him purify these three ways of action'; Gerasimov puts thought before speech («Блюди себя в мыслях, блюди в слове»), where the Pali puts speech first.
9. Грех не только делать, но и думать дурное.
9. It is a sin not only to do what is bad, but also to think it.
Source not found yet .
Related · Martin Haug, Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings, and Religion of the Parsis… praising good thoughts and good words and good deeds, renouncing all evil thoughts and evil words and evil deeds.
… when one forsakes evil thoughts and evil words and evil deeds.
Source text: archive.orgDetails
Not found yet.
«Грех не только делать, но и думать дурное» (it is a sin to think evil, as well as to do it). No source in these words was found. The thought belongs to the Zoroastrian triad of good thoughts, good words, and good deeds, with evil thoughts named first among sins: in the Hadokht Nask the best recital of the Ashem is the one that renounces 'all evil thoughts and evil words and evil deeds' (Haug's English, 1878), and the Vendidad's cleansing frees the faithful 'from every evil thought, word, and deed' (Darmesteter). None of these has the saying's turn, that thinking evil is a sin as doing it is. The Circle's other «Зороастр» (4-5.6) is the Vendidad, through an intermediary not identified.
Searched: Thoughts of Wise Men (1903) and the Jubilee vols. 39-43 and 45; Conway's Sacred Anthology (1874); Naoroji's Parsee catechism (1861); Haug's Essays on the Parsis (1878); Darmesteter's Vendidad (SBE 4); West's Mainyo-i-Khard (SBE 24); Fluegel's Zend-Avesta (1898); the Dabistan (Shea and Troyer, 1843); the Desatir (1888); web searches in Russian and English for the saying.
Чувство возникает независимо от воли человека; но во власти человека мыслью одобрять или не одобрять чувство и потому поощрять или задерживать его.
Feeling arises independently of our will; but it is in our power, by thought, to approve or not approve of a feeling, and so to encourage it or hold it back.
Tolstoy TodayТолстой сегодня · tolstoytoday.org/september/21