Giuseppe MazziniДжузеппе Мадзини

A likely source, not certain. Ricordi di Giuseppe Mazzini agli Italiani, F. Dobelli’s anthology (Milan, 1870); the writing Dobelli took it from was not identified, Dobelli, Ricordi, section «La religione dell'umanità», pp. 22–23.

Probable kernel only. Dobelli prints: 'Religion is a faith in the general principles that govern humanity: religion is the sanction of a bond that makes brothers of the living in the consciousness of one origin, one mission, one common aim.' Tolstoy's second half matches it closely (the bond that unites all men as brothers, one common origin, one common task of life, one common end). His first half (in every age men have thirsted to know, or at least to have some idea of, the beginning or final aim of their earthly existence, and religion came to satisfy that need) was not found in Mazzini. Tolstoy's Mazzini came through L. P. Nikiforov's «Избранные мысли Иосифа Мадзини» (Посредник, 1905), named in the Jubilee list of his sources and not found online; A. Cavazza (Язык и текст 12, no. 1, 2025, citing Nevler 1972, p. 302) reports that Nikiforov drew at least one thought from Dobelli's Ricordi, which makes Dobelli a likely route. The OCR of the scan is poor; the excerpts are copied as it reads.

Searched: Doveri dell'uomo (1860), all twelve chapters on it.wikisource, and Venturi's 1862 English, for origine/fine comune/sete, origin/common/thirst; Life and Writings of Joseph Mazzini (1890–91), vols 1–6, for 'common origin', 'origin and end', 'thirst'; it.wikisource full-text search for «vincolo che affratella», «sanzione d'un vincolo», «fede nei principii generali»; web search for the Italian and English wording; two scans of Dobelli's Ricordi (1870).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), chapter VII, «Doveri verso se stessi», Chapter VII (Doveri dell'uomo, London 1860); Venturi's English, chapter VII, 'Duties towards Yourselves', p. 124.

Two consecutive sentences, close in sense. Mazzini's 'no opposition between earth and heaven' becomes 'no abyss'; 'it is blasphemy to suppose that God's home may without sin be despised and abandoned to the Powers, to Evil, Egotism, and Tyranny' becomes 'blasphemy to think that the dwelling God gave us must for ever remain in the power of evil, self-interest, and oppression'. «Наше жилище, в котором мы должны трудиться» follows Venturi's 'the home wherein we are to strive' more than the Italian «soggiorno di lavoro», so the Russian (through Nikiforov's 1905 «Избранные мысли», not found online) was probably made from the English, as with the December Mazzini entries.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Europe: Its Condition and Prospects (Westminster Review, 1852), Life and Writings of Joseph Mazzini, vol. VI (London 1870).

Published in English. Tolstoy condenses: "or gilding" is dropped, "a people cannot be regenerated by teaching them the worship of enjoyment" becomes «Благо народа не увеличится оттого, что ему дадут возможность бòльших удовольствий и материальных удобств», and the clause on sacrifice is left out. Not faithful enough for a printable text.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Ricordi di Giuseppe Mazzini, ed. F. Dobelli (1870), pp. 83–84.

Mazzini: revolutions must be made for and by the people, and while they remain the inheritance and monopoly of one social class and reduce to substituting one aristocracy for another, there will be no salvation. Tolstoy writes «Преобразования» (reforms) for "rivoluzioni" and «замене одного зла другим» for "sostituzione d’una aristocrazia ad un’altra". The OCR of the rest of the sentence is broken across a page, so only the first clause is quoted.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Thoughts upon Democracy in Europe (People's Journal, 1847), Section V, on Fourierism; Life and Writings of Joseph Mazzini, vol. VI (London: Smith, Elder, 1891), pp. 170–171.

Printed in English in 1847; no Italian text was saved. Tolstoy keeps the argument and the image and shortens the rest. He drops 'a single great conquest of the human spirit'; the long clause on 'this supreme necessity of a faith; this eternal problem of the origin and destiny of humanity' becomes «всякое учение, не основанное на вере»; 'powerless to realize the conception of a new world' becomes «бессильно улучшить общественный строй»; 'the spark of life, which Prometheus snatched from heaven for his statue' becomes «той искры, которую Прометей похитил с неба». Mazzini is writing against Fourierism. The Jubilee list names L. P. Nikiforov's Russian selection, «Избранные мысли» of Mazzini (Посредник, 1905), which was not seen. Tolstoy shortened the English, so it is not printable.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), Chapter III, «La Legge» (London, 1860, p. 38); Venturi's English, chapter III, pp. 60–61.

One continuous passage, close in its order and images, with two changes of sense. 'Quel tanto di buono ch'essi hanno operato' (the good they have done) becomes «та правда, которую они высказали» (the truth they have spoken); the good deeds become words. 'L'educazione dell'Umanità si mostra a lampi in ciascuno di noi, si svela lentamente, progressivamente, continuamente' (shows itself in flashes in each of us, unfolds slowly, progressively, continuously) becomes «хотя и медленно, но совершается непрерывно», without the flashes. 'Gli uomini che passeggiano sulla loro sepoltura ne fanno lor pro' becomes «человек из могил умерших пользуется тем, что добыто людьми, жившими до него», and 'viandanti d'un giorno' (travellers of a day) «минутные жильцы» (lodgers of a minute). Tolstoy drops Mazzini's attribution of the first sentence to 'un pensatore del secolo scorso'. Mazzini does not name him; the image goes back to Pascal's fragment of a preface to a treatise on the vacuum (related). Signed «По Мадзини».

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), chapter II, «Dio», London, 1860, pp. 18–20; Venturi's English, chapter II.

The first sentence is Mazzini's 'Dio esiste, perchè noi esistiamo', with «уже» added ('God exists already because we exist'). The rest has no counterpart in the chapter: «Называйте это богом или как хотите, но бесспорно то, что в нас есть жизнь, не созданная нами, а дарованная нам» ('call it God or what you will, but undeniably there is in us a life not made by us but given to us'). The nearest is two pages on, 'voi lo adorate, anche non nominandolo, ogni qualvolta voi sentite la vostra vita' (you worship him, even without naming him, whenever you feel your own life). The wording of the second sentence may be Nikiforov's (Избранные мысли Иосифа Мадзини, Посредник, 1905, not seen) or Tolstoy's own.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), chapter II, «Dio», London, 1860, p. 18, the chapter's motto; Venturi's English, chapter II.

The three-sentence motto that heads chapter II, word for word, with Mazzini's 'vostri' (your) made «наших» ('our'), and 'La scoperta progressiva' (the progressive discovery) «Всё больше раскрывать» ('to disclose ever more'). Tolstoy probably took it from L. P. Nikiforov's «Избранные мысли Иосифа Мадзини» (Посредник, 1905), which the Jubilee commentary names as a source of the Circle's Mazzini and which was not seen.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), chapter VI, «Doveri verso la famiglia», Chapter VI (Doveri dell'uomo, London 1860, p. 69); Venturi's English, chapter VI, p. 101.

One sentence of the chapter on the family, enlarged. Mazzini's 'l'accordo umano non è possibile' (the human chord is not possible) becomes «струны человеческой души не дают правильного и полного аккорда» (the strings of the human soul give no right and full chord): the strings, the soul, and 'right and full' are the Russian's. The Russian puts the man first, as Venturi's English does ('Man and woman'); Mazzini wrote «La donna e l'uomo». December found other Mazzini entries made from Venturi's English. L. P. Nikiforov's Russian selection of Mazzini (Посредник, 1905), named in the Jubilee list of the Circle's sources, was not seen.

A likely source, not certain. Letter on immortality (English in The Labour Prophet, 1892; Tolstoy's Russian in «Книжки Недели», 1894, No. 9).

Probably Mazzini's letter on immortality to an English friend, a follower of Robert Owen whose son had died, which Tolstoy read in The Labour Prophet in 1892 and translated for «Книжки Недели» (1894, No. 9). That account is a secondary one, M. Cavazza's article on Mazzini in the Circle («Язык и текст», 2025), and neither the letter's English nor Tolstoy's 1894 translation was seen, so the wording could not be checked. The passage is not in Doveri dell'uomo (Italian 1860 or Venturi's English), in the saved Life and Writings, vol. 6, Dobelli's Ricordi (1870), or Bolton King's Life of Mazzini. Tolstoy printed the thought again in На каждый день (March 30, with «форм» for «видов вещества» and «наша форма» for «наше тело») and in The Path of Life («видимости»).

Searched: Saved Mazzini texts (Doveri 1860, Venturi 1862, Life and Writings vol. 6, Ricordi 1870, Bolton King 1902) for 'worn out', 'tools', 'existing religions', 'no death', «strumenti», «logori»; The Century Magazine, November 1891 ('Mazzini's Letters to an English Family'); Letters and Recollections of Mazzini (1912); archive.org metadata for The Labour Prophet (not found); web searches in English, Italian, and Russian.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), chapter III, «La Legge», Chapter III (Doveri dell'uomo, London 1860, p. 35); Venturi's English, chapter III, p. 55.

One paragraph of the chapter on the Law, its order kept, with changes. Mazzini's two wings are 'il consenso dei vostri fratelli e la vostra coscienza' (the consent of your brothers and your conscience); the Russian names them «предание, или сознание всего человечества» (tradition, or the consciousness of all mankind) and «ваше личное сознание, т. е. вашу совесть». The wings serve 'per innalzarvi quanto è possibile sino a lui' (to raise you as near him as may be); in the Russian, to come near him «и познавать истину» (and know the truth). Mazzini asks only 'Perchè voler soffocare la voce del genere umano?'; the Russian «или голос своей совести, или голос человечества» follows Venturi's English, 'the voice of the individual or of the human race'. Where the two agree, Mazzini says 'ivi è Dio' (God is there) and you hold the truth; the Russian adds «или прочли по крайней мере часть закона бога» (or have read at least part of God's law). L. P. Nikiforov's Russian selection of Mazzini (1905) was not seen.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), chapter VIII, «Libertà», Chapter VIII (Doveri dell'uomo, London 1860, p. 88); Venturi's English, chapter VIII, p. 129.

One sentence of the chapter on liberty, with its last words changed: Mazzini's 'Dove non è libertà, la vita è ridotta ad una pura funzione organica' (where there is no liberty, life is reduced to a mere organic function) becomes «Где нет свободы, там жизнь сводится к жизни животного» (where there is no freedom, life is reduced to the life of an animal), the word that ties it to the day's theme (man is unfree insofar as he places his life in his animal self). Whether the change is Tolstoy's or that of a Russian translation (the Jubilee lists L. P. Nikiforov's «Избранные мысли» of Mazzini, Посредник, 1905, and its «Одумайтесь!» commentary a Moscow «Об обязанностях человека» of 1902) could not be checked: neither was found online. The English is quoted from a second scan of Venturi's 1862 edition, added to the existing folder, since the first scan's OCR breaks this sentence.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), chapter II, «Dio», Chapter II (Doveri dell'uomo, London 1860, p. 18); Venturi's English, chapter II, pp. 30–31.

The opening of Mazzini's chapter on God, condensed: 'Dio esiste, perchè noi esistiamo' (God exists because we exist), the sentences on mankind and the universe bearing witness to his name, and 'Non vi sono atei fra voi' (there are no atheists among you) are left out. 'Noi non dobbiamo nè vogliamo provarvelo' (we must not and do not wish to prove it to you) becomes «Мы не должны и нам не нужно это доказывать» (we must not and need not prove it); 'grandemente infelice o grandemente colpevole' (greatly unhappy or greatly guilty) becomes «очень жалкий, или очень преступный» (very pitiful or very criminal); 'davanti al martirio' (before martyrdom) becomes «при казни мученика» (at a martyr's execution). The Russian has «в окружающей нас вселенной» (in the universe around us), which Mazzini's Italian has and Venturi's English leaves out, so it was not made from Venturi; the Jubilee commentary to «Одумайтесь!» names a Russian «Об обязанностях человека» (Moscow, 1902), not found online. Tolstoy shortened the thought further in На каждый день (March 4, «По Мадзини») and The Path of Life.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), chapter II, «Dio», End of chapter II (Doveri dell'uomo, London 1860, p. 28); Venturi's English, chapter II, p. 48.

The last sentence of the chapter on God, translated closely. Mazzini addresses the workers ('voi potete'); the Russian is impersonal («можно»). 'Alla volta vostra' (in your turn) and 'ed Apostoli' (and apostles) are left out. 'Imporre' (impose) becomes «принуждать» (compel), as in Venturi's English ('compel'). Nikiforov's Russian selection of Mazzini (Посредник, 1905), named in the Jubilee list of the Circle's sources, was not found online.

A likely source, not certain.

Probably from the passage of Mazzini's that Bolton King quotes in English, without naming its work, in his chapter on Mazzini's religion: what the age needs is 'a faith, a faith in which our souls may cease to err in search of individual ends, may march together in the knowledge of one origin, one law, one goal'. The Russian's first sentence (all people are of one origin, subject to one law, and destined to one goal) matches its last words; its second (we must therefore have one faith, «одна цель поступков», one aim of action, and «одно знамя», one banner under which we all must fight) is not in the English quoted. The Italian was not found. Doveri dell'uomo has the idea in other words (men, children of one God, are 'esecutori d'una sola Legge', chapter I) but not this sentence. Nikiforov's Russian selection of Mazzini (Посредник, 1905), named in the Jubilee list of the Circle's sources, was not found online. Hence candidate.

Searched: Doveri dell'uomo (1860, all twelve chapters, saved) and Venturi's English; Life and Writings of Joseph Mazzini, vols. I–VI (archive.org); Scritti di Giuseppe Mazzini, Politica ed economia, vols. I–II, Scritti editi e postumi, and La Giovine Italia (Gutenberg); Della Giovine Italia (Italian Wikisource); Bolton King's Life of Mazzini; web searches for the Italian.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Mazzini, Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), ch. IV, «Doveri verso l'Umanità»; Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, Doveri dell'uomo (London, 1860), p. 50; Meditations II.1; joined in Coit, The Message of Man (1902), ch. VI, vv. 8–10.

Tolstoy translates three verses of Stanton Coit's The Message of Man (1902), ch. VI, "We have no life apart from others", and signs them all with Marcus's name. Coit's notes give verse 8 to "Jos. Mazzini, Works, vol. iv., p. 269 (The Duties of Man)" and verses 9–10 to "M. Aurelius, Thoughts, ii., 1". So the first three sentences are Mazzini's, from Doveri dell'uomo, ch. IV: "non potete, quando anche il voleste, separare la vostra vita da quella dell'Umanità. Vivete in essa, d'essa, per essa. L'anima vostra ... non può svincolarsi dalla influenza degli elementi fra i quali s'esercita" (you cannot, even if you would, separate your life from that of Humanity; you live in it, of it, for it; your soul cannot free itself from the influence of the elements among which it acts). Coit drops Mazzini's "generalmente parlando" (Venturi: "strictly speaking") and his exception for "certain men of extraordinary power", and puts the words in the second person singular; Tolstoy follows Coit, with «из тех условий, в которых она движется» (from the conditions in which it moves) for "the influence of the elements amongst which it moves". The rest is Meditations II.1: "For we are made for co-operation, like feet, like hands, like eyelids, like the rows of the upper and lower teeth. To act against one another then is contrary to nature; and it is acting against one another to be vexed and to turn away." Coit, and Tolstoy after him, leave out the teeth; Tolstoy has «глаза» (eyes) for "eyelids" (βλέφαρα) and «сердиться друг на друга» (to be angry with one another) for "to be vexed" (ἀγανακτεῖν). Tolstoy runs verses 8 and 9 into one sentence, Coit's "For" becoming «потому что мы все» (because we all), so that Marcus's words seem to give the reason for Mazzini's. In На каждый день (21 April, 5), signed «По Марку Аврелию», Tolstoy rewrote the middle as self-renunciation («Твоя душа не может освободиться от того требования самоотвержения...»); Путь жизни has that version again.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Reply to Messrs. Doherty and Barmby (People's Journal, 1847), Life and Writings of Joseph Mazzini, vol. VI, Critical and Literary (London: Smith, Elder, 1891), pp. 198–199; the second half in Mazzini's own Italian, Doveri dell'uomo (1860), ch. XII.

From Mazzini's reply to Doherty and Goodwyn Barmby, who had attacked his articles on Fourierism and Communism; printed in English in the People's Journal (1847) and reprinted in Life and Writings, vol. VI; in Doveri dell'uomo (1860), ch. XII, Mazzini quotes its second half in Italian as words he wrote 'twenty years ago'. The Russian follows the longer English text (its «Каждый только для своих, каждый только для себя» is 'each for his own — each for himself', where the Italian has only 'ciascuno per sè'; the scan reads 'Ids'). Tolstoy changes the address: Mazzini says to the Fourierists, Saint-Simonians, and Communists 'you are all worshippers of utility; you have no other moral than that of interests; your religion is that of matter'; the Russian makes them a class in the third person, «Поклонники пользы не имеют никакой нравственности, кроме нравственности выгоды, и никакой религии, кроме религии материального блага» (the worshippers of utility have no morality but that of gain and no religion but that of material good), and so drops the socialists Mazzini was answering. 'That which now destroys Humanity' becomes «Современное человечество умирает» (modern humanity is dying); 'empty forms and corpse-like symbols' «пустые слова и безжизненные формы» (empty words and lifeless forms); 'has prostrated himself before dead matter' «пал, распростертый впрах» (has fallen prostrate in the dust), without the dead matter; and 'the kings, princes, and bad governments of the day' «Деспоты и князья мира сего» (the despots and princes of this world). The rest is close. The Jubilee list names L. P. Nikiforov's Russian selection of Mazzini («Избранные мысли», Посредник, 1905), not seen, which was probably Tolstoy's text. The Jubilee commentary (vol. 42) quotes Tolstoy's diary for 15 September 1904, written while he was making extracts for the Circle: «читаю Амиеля, Карлейля, Мадзини».

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell’uomo (The Duties of Man), Chapter II, "Dio" (Doveri dell’uomo, London 1860 edition).

In Mazzini this is an aside to the workers ("you adore Him, even without naming Him, whenever you feel your own life and the life of the beings around you") opening an argument against separating God from the earth. Tolstoy makes it a first-person-plural maxim and sharpens "feel your life and theirs" into feeling our neighbours' lives as our own; his source was probably L. P. Nikiforov's 1905 selection of Mazzini's thoughts (vol. 42 source list).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), Chapter III, "La Legge" (Doveri dell'uomo, London 1860).

Close; «vi» (the law of God) is made explicit, and of Mazzini's 'disobey and abolish' Tolstoy keeps only 'abolish' («уничтожить»). Probably via L. P. Nikiforov's Russian selection of Mazzini (1905, vol. 42 list).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), Chapter VII, "Doveri verso se stessi" (Doveri dell'uomo, London 1860).

Otherwise close, but Tolstoy changes the martyrs' cause: Mazzini's men who die 'per la Patria' become those who die 'for the truth' («за истину»), and 'for the salvation of the generations to come, we chose to die' becomes 'for the fulfilment of duty we chose death'. He adds 'conscience' to 'remorse' and the closing «Вы деятели свободные, а, стало быть, ответственны».

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), chapter II, «Dio», Chapter II (Doveri dell'uomo, London 1860, pp. 25–26); Venturi's English, chapter II, p. 43.

The second half (every strong faith rising on the ruins of the old transforms the social order, since it applies itself to every branch of human activity; humanity repeats the Lord's Prayer, 'Thy kingdom come on earth as in heaven') is Doveri dell'uomo II, close to the Italian (Tolstoy drops the middle clause, 'the earth has always sought to conform itself to the heaven it believed in'). The first sentence ('what we need, what the people need, what our age demands to climb out of the mire of egotism, doubt and negation, is a faith … one origin, one law, one aim') was not found in the Doveri; 'one origin, one law, one aim' echoes chapter IV («Una è la vostra origine, una la legge, uno il fine»). The Russian is taken from the longer Mazzini mosaic printed with «Одумайтесь!» (1904), whose other sentences also come from Doveri II.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), chapter I, «Ai Operai Italiani», Chapter I (Doveri dell'uomo, London 1860, p. 12); Venturi's English, chapter I, pp. 19–20.

Faithful to the sentence that defines Duty in chapter I ('Questo principio è il Dovere'). Mazzini's 'we must convince men that they …' becomes 'we must understand that we …'. Two words follow Venturi's English rather than the Italian: 'more virtuous' («более добродетельными»; Mazzini wrote «migliori», better) and 'sin' («грех»; Mazzini «colpa», fault), so Tolstoy's text was probably made from the English.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Doveri dell'uomo (The Duties of Man), chapter IV, «Doveri verso l'Umanità», Chapter IV (Doveri dell'uomo, London 1860, p. 42); Venturi's English, chapter IV, p. 66.

Faithful; Tolstoy names the larger circle ('humanity') and drops 'without which you could not climb higher'. His 'egotism, more or less wide' («более или менее широкий») follows Venturi's 'more or less enlarged egotism'; Mazzini wrote «più o meno ristretto» (more or less narrow), another sign the Russian was made from the English.