11Septemberсентября · 11-е сентября

1. 1. Если ты сознаешь, что у тебя нет веры, знай, что ты в самом опасном положении, в котором только может находиться человек в этом мире.

   1. If you are aware that you have no faith, know that you are in the most dangerous position possible for a human being in this world.

2. 2. Плохо, если у человека нет чего-нибудь такого, за что он готов умереть.

   2. It is a bad thing to have nothing that one is ready to die for.

3. 3. Поклонники пользы не имеют никакой нравственности, кроме нравственности выгоды, и никакой религии, кроме религии материального блага. Они нашли тело человека изуродованным и истощенным нищетой и в своем необдуманном рвении сказали себе: «Давайте излечим это тело; когда оно будет сильно, жирно, хорошо упитано, то душа вернется в него». А я говорю, что излечить это тело можно, только излечив душу. В ней корень болезни, и телесные недуги являются лишь внешними проявлениями этой болезни. Современное человечество умирает от отсутствия общей веры, связующей землю с небом, вселенную с богом. От отсутствия этой религии духа, от которой остались лишь пустые слова и безжизненные формы, от полного отсутствия сознания долга, способности жертвовать собою, человек, подобно дикарю, пал, распростертый впрах, и воздвиг на пустом алтаре идол «выгоде». Деспоты и князья мира сего стали его первосвященниками. От них-то и возникло отвратительное учение выгоды, гласящее: «Каждый только для своих, каждый только для себя».

   Иосиф Мадзини.

   3. The worshipers of utility have no morality but the morality of profit, and no religion but the religion of material good. They found the body of man mutilated and wasted by poverty, and in their thoughtless zeal they said to themselves: “Let us heal this body; when it is strong, fat, and well fed, the soul will return to it.” But I say that this body can be healed only by healing the soul. In it lies the root of the disease, and bodily ailments are only outward manifestations of this disease. Present-day humanity is dying for lack of a common faith binding earth to heaven, the universe to God. For lack of this religion of the spirit, of which only empty words and lifeless forms remain, for utter lack of the consciousness of duty, of the capacity to sacrifice oneself, man, like a savage, has fallen prostrate in the dust and raised on the empty altar an idol “to profit.” The despots and princes of this world have become its high priests. From them arose the loathsome doctrine of profit, which proclaims: “Each only for his own, each only for himself.”

   Giuseppe Mazzini.

   From Reply to Messrs. Doherty and Barmby · reworded by Tolstoy (more).

   What changed

   Mazzini’s reply to the socialists, “you are all worshippers of utility,” becomes a statement about a class, “The worshipers of utility have no morality but the morality of profit,” so those he was answering drop out; “That which now destroys Humanity” becomes “Present-day humanity is dying,” and “The kings, princes, and bad governments of the day” become “The despots and princes of this world.” †

   † An intermediate translation may have made this change.

   Leo Tolstoy as Editor: Made plain ›

   Giuseppe Mazzini’s own words

   … you are all worshippers of utility ; you have no other moral than that of interests ; your religion is that of matter. You have found the body of man impoverished and deformed by misery ; and in your imprudent zeal you have said: "Let us heal this body ; when it is strong, fat, and well fed, the soul will come to it."

   And I say — you can only heal this body through the soul ; there is the seat of the evil ; the body's ills are only the exterior manifestations of the evil. That which now destroys Humanity is the want of a common Faith ; …

   In the absence of this religion of the mind, of which nothing has remained but empty forms and corpse-like symbols ; in the consequent absence of all sentiment of duty, of all power of self-sacrifice, man, like the savage, has prostrated himself before dead matter ; he has raised, upon the vacant altar, the idol INTEREST.

   The kings, princes, and bad governments of the day have been its high priests ; it is from them that this horrible formula of the morale of interests has taken its rise : each for Ids own — each for himself.

   Source text: archive.org

   Mazzini, Doveri dell'uomo

   Ciò che toglie in oggi vita all’Umanità è il difetto d’una fede comune, d’un pensiero adottato da tutti che ricongiunga Terra e Cielo, Universo e Dio.

   Privo di fede siffatta, l’uomo si è prostrato davanti alla morta materia, e s’è conservato adoratore dell’idolo Interesse .

   E i primi sacerdoti di quel culto fatale furono i re, i principi e i tristi Governi dell’oggi. Essi inventarono l’orribile formula: ciascuno per sè: …

   Source text: it.wikisource.org

   Another translation · Mazzini, The Duties of Man, translated by E. A. Venturi

   Deprived of this common faith, Man has bowed down before the lifeless Matter, and turned worshipper of the idol Self-interest …

   Source text: archive.org

   Details

   The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Reply to Messrs. Doherty and Barmby (People's Journal, 1847), Life and Writings of Joseph Mazzini, vol. VI, Critical and Literary (London: Smith, Elder, 1891), pp. 198–199; the second half in Mazzini's own Italian, Doveri dell'uomo (1860), ch. XII.

   From Mazzini's reply to Doherty and Goodwyn Barmby, who had attacked his articles on Fourierism and Communism; printed in English in the People's Journal (1847) and reprinted in Life and Writings, vol. VI; in Doveri dell'uomo (1860), ch. XII, Mazzini quotes its second half in Italian as words he wrote 'twenty years ago'. The Russian follows the longer English text (its «Каждый только для своих, каждый только для себя» is 'each for his own — each for himself', where the Italian has only 'ciascuno per sè'; the scan reads 'Ids'). Tolstoy changes the address: Mazzini says to the Fourierists, Saint-Simonians, and Communists 'you are all worshippers of utility; you have no other moral than that of interests; your religion is that of matter'; the Russian makes them a class in the third person, «Поклонники пользы не имеют никакой нравственности, кроме нравственности выгоды, и никакой религии, кроме религии материального блага» (the worshippers of utility have no morality but that of gain and no religion but that of material good), and so drops the socialists Mazzini was answering. 'That which now destroys Humanity' becomes «Современное человечество умирает» (modern humanity is dying); 'empty forms and corpse-like symbols' «пустые слова и безжизненные формы» (empty words and lifeless forms); 'has prostrated himself before dead matter' «пал, распростертый впрах» (has fallen prostrate in the dust), without the dead matter; and 'the kings, princes, and bad governments of the day' «Деспоты и князья мира сего» (the despots and princes of this world). The rest is close. The Jubilee list names L. P. Nikiforov's Russian selection of Mazzini («Избранные мысли», Посредник, 1905), not seen, which was probably Tolstoy's text. The Jubilee commentary (vol. 42) quotes Tolstoy's diary for 15 September 1904, written while he was making extracts for the Circle: «читаю Амиеля, Карлейля, Мадзини».

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4. 4. Рассматривая причины тех бедствий, от которых страдает человечество, восходя от ближайших причин к более основным, всегда придешь к основной причине всех и всяких бедствий людей: к отсутствию или слабости веры, т. е. неясности или ложности установленного отношения человека к миру и началу его.

   4. Examining the causes of the calamities from which humanity suffers, and rising from the nearest causes to more fundamental ones, you will always come to the fundamental cause of each and every human calamity: the absence or weakness of faith, that is, the unclearness or falseness of the relation that people have established to the world and its origin.

5. 5. Человек, исповедующий внешний закон, есть человек, стоящий в свете фонаря, привешенного к столбу. Он стоит в свете этого фонаря, ему светло, и идти ему дальше некуда.

   Человек религиозный несет фонарь перед собой на более или менее длинном шесте; свет всегда впереди его и всегда побуждает его идти за собой и вновь открывает ему впереди его новое, влекущее к себе освещенное пространство.

   5. Those who profess an outward law are people standing in the light of a lantern hung on a post. They stand in the light of this lantern, they have light, and there is nowhere further for them to go.

   Religious people carry their lantern before them on a longer or shorter pole; the light is always ahead of them, always urges them to follow it, and opens before them, again and again, a new lighted space that draws them on.

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