12Novemberноября · 12-е ноября
Земля есть общее и равное достояние всех людей и потому не может быть предметом собственности отдельных лиц.
The land is the common and equal heritage of all people, and so it cannot be the property of individuals.
1. Если я родился на земле, то где же моя часть? Будьте так добры, господа этого мира, покажите мне мой лесной участок, где бы я мог рубить свои дрова; мое поле, где бы я мог сеять мой хлеб; мою усадьбу, где бы я мог поставить свой домик. Но господа этого мира кричат мне: только дотронься до леса, до поля, или до усадьбы, тебе достанется, но ты можешь прийти и работать на наших землях, и мы дадим тебе кусок хлеба.
1. If I am born in the earth, where is my part? have the goodness, gentlemen of this world, to show me my wood-lot, where I may fell my wood, my field where to plant my corn, my pleasant ground where to build my cabin. ‘Touch any wood, or field, or house-lot, on your peril,’ cry all the gentlemen of this world; ‘but you may come and work in ours, for us, and we will give you a piece of bread.’
From The Conservative, a lecture read in the Masonic Temple, Boston, 9 December 1841 · close to the original .
Tolstoy’s version, in EnglishIf I was born on the earth, where is my share? Be so kind, lords of this world, as to show me my plot of woodland where I may cut my firewood; my field where I may sow my grain; my homestead where I may put up my little house. But the lords of this world shout at me: only touch the wood, the field or the homestead, and you will catch it; but you may come and work on our lands, and we will give you a piece of bread.
Emerson’s own wordsIf I am born in the earth, where is my part? have the goodness, gentlemen of this world, to show me my wood-lot, where I may fell my wood, my field where to plant my corn, my pleasant ground where to build my cabin.
'Touch any wood, or field, or house-lot, on your peril,' cry all the gentlemen of this world; 'but you may come and work in ours, for us, and we will give you a piece of bread.'
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. The Conservative, a lecture read in the Masonic Temple, Boston, 9 December 1841 (in Nature, Addresses, and Lectures; Gutenberg 'Miscellanies'), Early paragraph, 'The youth, of course, is an innovator by the fact of his birth...'.
Tolstoy translates Emerson's two sentences closely; only 'on your peril' becomes 'тебе достанется' and 'for us' is dropped. In Emerson the words are put in the mouth of the newborn youth, the 'universal beggar'. Emerson's own words are printed here.
Translation note. Idiom: «тебе достанется» (it will fall to you) means “you will be punished”; rendered “you will catch it”. Tolstoy kept the author’s words closely, so the author’s own English is printed here (ruling 1); Tolstoy’s Russian, translated, is in the source panel.
2. Мой разум учит меня, что земля не может быть продаваема. Великий дух дал ее своим детям, чтобы им жить на ней, по нужде обрабатывать ее для своего содержания, и пока они занимают и обрабатывают ее, они имеют право на землю.
2. My reason teaches me that land cannot be sold. The Great Spirit gave it to his children to live upon and cultivate as far as necessary for their subsistence, and so long as they occupy and cultivate it they have the right to the soil.
From Autobiography of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak, or Black Hawk · close to the original .
Tolstoy’s version, in EnglishMy reason teaches me that land cannot be sold. The Great Spirit gave it to his children to live upon, to cultivate as they need for their sustenance, and so long as they occupy and cultivate it, they have a right to the land.
Black Hawk’s own wordsMy reason teaches me that land cannot be sold. The Great Spirit gave it to his children to live upon and cultivate as far as necessary for their subsistence, and so long as they occupy and cultivate it they have the right to the soil …
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Autobiography of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak, or Black Hawk (1833), On the loss of the Rock River village.
Faithful; Tolstoy stops before 'but if they voluntarily leave it...'. The English of the excerpt is printed here.
Translation note. Tolstoy kept the author’s words closely, so the author’s own English is printed here (ruling 1); Tolstoy’s Russian, translated, is in the source panel.
3. Земля не может быть продаваема никогда, потому что земля моя, а вы все странники.
3. The land can never be sold, for the land is mine, and you are all strangers.
From Leviticus 25:23 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changed“Shall not be sold for ever” becomes “can never be sold.”
Original · RussianЗемлю не должно продавать навсегда, ибо Моя земля: вы пришельцы и поселенцы у Меня; …
Source text: ru.wikisource.orgIn English · King James Version, 1611The land shall not be sold for ever: for the land is mine, for ye are strangers and sojourners with me.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Leviticus 25:23, Lev. 25:23.
Tolstoy's own wording, not the Synodal: 'не может быть продаваема никогда' (can never be sold) for 'не должно продавать навсегда' (shall not be sold in perpetuity) — a change of sense — and 'вы все странники' for 'пришельцы и поселенцы у Меня'. Probably translated from the English (KJV 'for ever' read as 'never').
Translation note. Tolstoy’s wording; the KJV reads “The land shall not be sold for ever: for the land is mine; for ye are strangers and sojourners with me.” His «не может быть продаваема», “can never be sold”, repeats Black Hawk’s words in the entry above; he drops “sojourners with me” and adds “all”.
4. Строго говоря, земля принадлежит двоим: всемогущему богу и всем сынам людским, которые работали на ней или которые будут работать на ней.
4. Properly speaking, the Land belongs to these two: To the Almighty God; and to all His Children of Men that have ever worked well on it, or that shall ever work well on it.
From Past and Present · close to the original .
Tolstoy’s version, in EnglishStrictly speaking, the land belongs to two: to almighty God and to all the sons of men who have worked on it or who will work on it.
Carlyle’s own wordsProperly speaking, the Land belongs to these two: To the Almighty God; and to all His Children of Men that have ever worked well on it, or that shall ever work well on it.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Past and Present (1843), Book IV, chapter VIII 'The Didactic', Book IV, ch. VIII.
Close, except that Tolstoy drops 'well' twice ('worked well' becomes simply 'worked'), and 'the Land' becomes 'the earth'. Carlyle's own sentence is printed here.
Translation note. Tolstoy kept the author’s words closely, so the author’s own English is printed here (ruling 1); Tolstoy’s Russian, translated, is in the source panel.
5. Услышь меня, справедливый дух творения, и рассуди, кто вор: тот ли, кто отнимает у меня свободу пользоваться землею, которая дана мне с моим рождением, или я, когда пользуюсь частью земли для того, чтобы жить на ней и кормиться ею.
5. Hear me, righteous spirit of creation, and judge who is the thief: he who takes from me the freedom to use the land that was given me with my birth, or I, when I use a part of the land in order to live on it and be fed by it.
Source not found yet .
Not found yet.
Not found. The wording ('righteous Spirit of the whole Creation ... judge who is the thief') is Winstanley's idiom, from the Digger pamphlets (1649-52); probably via Crosby's Earth for All Calendar.
Searched: J. Morrison Davidson, Concerning Four Precursors of Henry George (1902), for 'thief' and 'righteous Spirit'; web search of the English wording.
6. Все люди с самого начала и прежде всякого юридического акта находятся во владении землею, т. е. имеют право быть там, где природа или случайность поместила их.
6. All men, from the very beginning and before any legal act, are in possession of the land, that is, they have the right to be where nature or chance has placed them.
Kant.
From Die Metaphysik der Sitten, I: Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Rechtslehre · close to the original .
Original · German… im rechtmäßigen Besitz des Bodens, d. i. sie haben ein Recht, da …
… zu sein, wohin sie die Natur, oder der Zufall (ohne ihren Willen) gesetzt …
Source text: korpora.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Die Metaphysik der Sitten, I: Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Rechtslehre (1797), § 13; Akademie-Ausgabe vol. VI, p. 262, lines 17-20.
Tolstoy translates the sentence closely ("All men are originally, before any juridical act, in rightful possession of the land, i.e. have a right to be where nature or chance has put them"), dropping only "without their will". Not found in Richter's Kant-Aussprüche (searched for Boden/Besitz); Tolstoy probably knew it from Henry George literature.
7. Разве бог дал что-нибудь одному, не дав того же другому? Разве всеобщий отец ИСКЛЮЧИЛ кого-нибудь из своих детей? Вы, требующие исключительного права пользоваться его дарами, покажите то завещание, по которому он лишил своего наследства других братьев.
7. Has God given anything to one without giving the same to another? Has the universal Father EXCLUDED any of his children? You who claim the exclusive right to enjoy his gifts, show the will by which he disinherited your other brothers.
Source not found yet .
Not found yet.
Not located. The thought (God's gifts to all his children; show the testament that disinherited your brothers) is in the spirit of Paroles d'un croyant and Le Livre du peuple, but the full text of Paroles d'un croyant has no such passage. Likely reached Tolstoy through an English land-reform anthology (Crosby's Earth for All Calendar is in the vol. 42 list), not available.
Searched: fr.wikisource Paroles d'un croyant (full text, searched for testament/déshérité/exclu/héritage/Père commun); fr.wikisource full-text search; Coit, Southgate, Tileston, and Crosby.
Translation note. «ИСКЛЮЧИЛ» is in capitals in the Jubilee text; kept.
8. Владение землей, как собственностью, есть одно из самых противоестественных преступлений. Отвратительность этого преступления незаметна нам только потому, что в нашем мире преступление это признается правом.
8. The possession of land as property is one of the most unnatural of crimes. We do not notice how loathsome this crime is only because in our world it is recognized as a right.
9. В то время, как я собирал орехи в лесу, лесник высунулся из кустов и спросил меня, что я тут делаю? Я отвечал, что собираю орехи.
— Собираешь орехи? — сказал он. — Как ты смеешь это делать?
— Отчего же не собирать? — сказал я. — Ведь берут же орехи и обезьяны и белки?
— Я говорю тебе, — сказал он, — что лес этот не общий, а принадлежит Портландскому герцогу.
— Вот как! — сказал я. — Поклонись же от меня герцогу и скажи ему, что лес этот знает об нем столько же, сколько и обо мне. И потому обо всем том, что родится в лесу, правило такое: кто первый пришел, тот и берет; так что если герцогу Портландскому нужны орехи, так скажи ему, чтобы он не зевал.
9. While I was gathering nuts in the wood, a forester poked his head out of the bushes and asked me what I was doing there. I answered that I was gathering nuts.
“Gathering nuts?” said he. “How dare you do that?”
“And why not gather them?” said I. “Monkeys and squirrels take nuts, don’t they?”
“I tell you,” said he, “this wood is not common; it belongs to the Duke of Portland.”
“Is that so!” said I. “Then give the Duke my compliments and tell him that the wood knows as much about him as it does about me. And so for everything that grows in the wood the rule is this: first come, first served; so if the Duke of Portland wants nuts, tell him not to dawdle.”
From Spence's 'Sylvan Joke' · shortened by Tolstoy .
Thomas Spence’s own wordsWhile I was in the wood alone by myself a-gathering of nuts, the forester popped through the bushes upon me, and, asking me what I did there, I replied, ' Gathering nuts.'
' I tell you,' said he, ' this wood is not common. It belongs to the Duke of Portland.'
' Oh ! My service to the Duke of Portland,' said I. 'Nature knows no more of him than of me. Therefore, as in Nature's storehouse, the rule is " first come first served," so the Duke of Portland must look sharp if he wants any nuts.'
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Spence's 'Sylvan Joke' (c. 1788), quoted in J. Morrison Davidson, Concerning Four Precursors of Henry George (1902), Davidson, ch. 'Thomas Spence', pp. 32-33.
Faithful in the lines kept, but condensed: Tolstoy omits Spence's argument about trespass and 'the spontaneous gift of Nature'. Davidson is a likely intermediary (Tolstoy uses him at 11-10.3).
Translation note. Idiom: «кто первый пришел, тот и берет» rendered “first come, first served”; «не зевал» (not yawn) means not to be slow.
Несправедливость признания права собственности на землю за отдельными лицами в наше время сознается людьми так же, как сознавалась несправедливость рабства в половине девятнадцатого столетия.
The injustice of recognizing a right of individuals to own land is as clearly recognized by people in our time as the injustice of slavery was in the middle of the nineteenth century.
Tolstoy TodayТолстой сегодня · tolstoytoday.org/november/12