14Marchмарта · 14-е марта
Любовь влечет людей к единению; разум, единый у всех, утверждает это единение.
Love draws people toward union; reason, one and the same in all, establishes this union.
1. Человек мыслит — так он создан. Ясно, что он должен мыслить разумно. Разумно мыслящий человек прежде всего думает о том, для какой цели он должен жить: он думает о своей душе, о боге. Посмотрите же, о чем думают мирские люди? О чем угодно, только не об этом. Они думают о плясках, о музыке, о пении; они думают о постройках, о богатстве, о власти; они завидуют положению богачей и царей. Но они вовсе не думают о том, что значит быть человеком.
1. Man thinks — so he is made. It is clear that he must think rationally. A man who thinks rationally thinks first of all about the end for which he must live: he thinks about his soul, about God. Now look: what do worldly people think about? About anything but this. They think about dancing, about music, about singing; they think about buildings, about wealth, about power; they envy the position of the rich and of kings. But they do not think at all about what it means to be a man.
From Pensées · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changed“His whole duty is to think as he ought” becomes “he must think rationally,” and the order of thought, “to begin with self, and with its Author and its end,” is spelled out as thinking first “about the end for which he must live.” †
† An intermediate translation may have made this change.
Original · FrenchL’homme est visiblement fait pour penser ; c’est toute sa dignité ; et tout son mérite et tout son devoir est de penser comme il faut.
Or l’ordre de la pensée est de commencer par soi, et par son auteur et sa fin.
Or à quoi pense le monde ? jamais à cela ; mais à danser, à jouer du luth, à chanter, à faire des vers, à courir la bague, etc., à se battre, à se faire roi, sans penser à ce que c’est qu’être roi, et qu’être homme.
Source text: fr.wikisource.orgIn English · W. F. Trotter, 1910Man is obviously made to think. It is his whole dignity and his whole merit; and his whole duty is to think as he ought. Now, the order of thought is to begin with self, and with its Author and its end.
Source text: gutenberg.orgTolstoy’s own version · Мысли мудрых людей на каждый деньЧеловек мыслит — так он создан. Ясно, что он должен мыслить разумно.
Они думают о плясках, о музыке, о пении и тому подобных удовольствиях; они думают о постройках, о богатстве, о власти; они завидуют положению богачей и царей.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Pensées, Brunschvicg 146 (Section II); Trotter 146.
A free version of the whole fragment. 'C'est toute sa dignité' is left out; 'tout son devoir est de penser comme il faut' becomes «Ясно, что он должен мыслить разумно»; 'l'ordre de la pensée est de commencer par soi, et par son auteur et sa fin' becomes «прежде всего думает о том, для какой цели он должен жить: он думает о своей душе, о боге». Pascal's list (dancing, playing the lute, singing, making verses, running at the ring, fighting, making oneself king) becomes dances, music, and singing, then buildings, wealth, and power, and envy of the rich and of kings; 'sans penser à ce que c'est qu'être roi, et qu'être homme' becomes «Но они вовсе не думают о том, что значит быть человеком», without the king. The Circle repeats Tolstoy's 1903 text, less «и тому подобных удовольствиях». The commentary of Jubilee vol. 40 names his Pascal source for that book, A. I. Orlov's «Французский ученый Влас Паскаль» (Посредник, 1889), not found online.
2. Одна из главных обязанностей человека состоит в том, чтобы заставить светить во всю силу то светлое начало разума, которое мы получаем от неба.
2. One of man’s chief duties is to make the bright principle of reason that we receive from heaven shine with all its strength.
From Great Learning · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changed“What the Great Learning teaches,” the first of its three aims, becomes “one of man’s chief duties”: to make “the bright principle of reason,” Pauthier’s rendering of what Legge calls “illustrious virtue,” “shine with all its strength,” as King Wen did.
What Tolstoy read · G. Pauthier, Confucius et Mencius: Les quatre livres de philosophie morale et politique …1. La loi de la grande Étude, ou de la philosophie pratique, consiste à développer et remettre en lumière le principe lumineux de la raison que nous avons reçu du ciel, …
Sur le devoir de développer et de rendre à sa clarté primitive le principe lumineux de notre raison.
1. Le _Khang-kao_[1] dit: Le roi _Wen_ parvint à _développer et faire briller dans tout son éclat le principe lumineux de la raison que nous recevons du ciel._
Source text: gutenberg.orgIn English · James Legge, 1895What the Great Learning teaches, is — to illustrate illustrious virtue; to renovate the people; and to rest in the highest excellence.
Source text: archive.orgTolstoy’s own version · Мысли мудрых людей на каждый деньОдна из главных обязанностей человека состоит в том, чтобы заставить светить во всю силу то светлое начало разума, которое мы получаем от неба.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Great Learning (Daxue), the opening text, and commentary ch. 1.
The first aim of the Great Learning, in Pauthier's French, as in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903), 26 July, signed «Китайская мудрость». Pauthier's opening says the Great Learning 'consiste à développer et remettre en lumière le principe lumineux de la raison que nous avons reçu du ciel', and names two further aims; his commentary chapter I is headed 'Sur le devoir de…' and says King Wen made that principle 'briller dans tout son éclat'. Tolstoy takes the duty from that heading and «заставить светить во всю силу … которое мы получаем от неба» from chapter I, and frames it as «одна из главных обязанностей человека» (one of man's chief duties), where the source speaks of what the Great Learning consists in and of King Wen. 'Le principe lumineux de la raison' is Pauthier's rendering of 明德, 'bright virtue' (Legge: 'to illustrate illustrious virtue'). Legge's printing heads the opening 'The Text of Confucius', after the traditional ascription; the signature is left as Tolstoy gave it.
3. Только то, что признают и не могут не признавать все люди, только то есть проявление истинного разума.
3. Only what all people acknowledge and cannot help acknowledging, only that is a manifestation of true reason.
4. Кто хочет сделаться истинным человеком, тот должен отбросить угождение миру; кто хочет жить истинной жизнью, тот пусть не руководится тем, что принято считать добром, а пусть тщательно доискивается, где и что есть истинное добро. Нет ничего святее и производительнее самостоятельной душевной пытливости. Прежде всего установите в себе такое отношение к явлениям жизни, а потом уже решайте сами для себя все возникающие вопросы.
4. Whoever wants to become a true man must give up pleasing the world; whoever wants to live a true life, let him not be guided by what is commonly considered good, but let him search out carefully where and what the true good is. Nothing is holier or more fruitful than the independent inquiry of the soul. First of all establish in yourselves such an attitude toward the phenomena of life, and only then decide for yourselves all the questions that arise.
From Self-Reliance, in Essays, First Series · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changed“Must be a nonconformist” becomes “must give up pleasing the world,” “the integrity of your own mind” becomes “the independent inquiry of the soul,” and the promise “you shall have the suffrage of the world” is gone. †
† An intermediate translation may have made this change.
Emerson’s own wordsWhoso would be a man, must be a nonconformist. He who would gather immortal palms must not be hindered by the name of goodness, but must explore if it be goodness.
Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind. Absolve you to yourself, and you shall have the suffrage of the world.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Self-Reliance, in Essays, First Series (1841), After 'Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members'.
Four consecutive sentences, followed in order and changed in each. 'must be a nonconformist' becomes 'must cast off pleasing the world' (должен отбросить угождение миру), and 'a man' 'a true man'; 'He who would gather immortal palms' becomes 'he who wants to live a true life'; 'must not be hindered by the name of goodness, but must explore if it be goodness' becomes 'let him not be guided by what is accepted as good, but let him search carefully where and what the true good is'. 'Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind' becomes 'There is nothing holier and more fruitful than the soul's own inquiry' (самостоятельной душевной пытливости). 'Absolve you to yourself, and you shall have the suffrage of the world' becomes 'First establish this relation to the things of life in yourself, and then decide for yourself every question that arises': Emerson's promise of the world's assent is gone. The Jubilee list names a Russian of this essay, «О доверии к себе» (Posrednik, 1904); whether the changes are its translator's is not known. No printable.
5. Мы оскорбляем истину, когда, сомневаясь в ее силе, разрешаем или запрещаем выражение тех или других мыслей. Пусть истина и ложь вступают в рукопашную: истина непобедима в свободной и равной борьбе. Опровержением лжи она уничтожает ее лучше всяких запрещений.
5. We insult truth when, doubting her strength, we permit or forbid the expression of this or that thought. Let truth and falsehood meet in hand-to-hand combat: truth is invincible in a free and equal fight. By refuting falsehood she destroys it better than any prohibitions can.
From Areopagitica · close to the original .
Milton’s own wordsAnd though all the winds of doctrine were let loose to play upon the earth, so Truth be in the field, we do injuriously, by licensing and prohibiting, to misdoubt her strength.
Let her and Falsehood grapple; who ever knew Truth put to the worse, in a free and open encounter? Her confuting is the best and surest suppressing.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Areopagitica (1644), Near the end, after 'Janus with his two controversial faces might now not unsignificantly be set open'.
Close. Tolstoy leaves out 'though all the winds of doctrine were let loose to play upon the earth, so Truth be in the field', names truth where Milton has 'her', and spells out 'by licensing and prohibiting' as 'permitting or forbidding the expression of these or those thoughts'. The question 'who ever knew Truth put to the worse, in a free and open encounter?' becomes a statement, 'truth is invincible in free and equal combat', and 'Her confuting is the best and surest suppressing' becomes 'By refuting falsehood she destroys it better than any prohibitions'. Southgate's Suggestive Thoughts, which gave February 20's Milton, does not have this passage, nor do Coit or Tileston. Milton's words are printed here from 'so Truth be in the field', which gives 'her' its antecedent; the reviewer may prefer Tolstoy's version, since the question becomes a statement.
6. Наше церковное христианство построено на пустых и шатких основаниях; полагающиеся на него находятся в постоянной опасности и всегда чего-то боятся. Сильно выраженное сомнение, потрясающее все его основы, вызывает гром и молнии со стороны представителей церкви, и чем основательнее сомнения, тем сильнее тревога.
Разве люди боятся, чтобы горы провалились? Церковное же предание ежеминутно готово разрушиться. «Может — справедливо, может — нет», — вот всё, что могут о нем сказать люди, полагающиеся на него. Тем не менее из него сделали основу религии. Авторитет принимается за истину, и слепое доверие стало сущностью религии.
6. Our church Christianity is built on empty and shaky foundations; those who rely on it are in constant danger and are always afraid of something. A strongly expressed doubt that shakes all its foundations calls forth thunder and lightning from the representatives of the church, and the better founded the doubts, the greater the alarm.
Do people fear that the mountains will give way? But church tradition is ready to crumble at any moment. “Maybe it is true, maybe not” — that is all that the people who rely on it can say of it. Nevertheless it has been made the foundation of religion. Authority is taken for truth, and blind trust has become the essence of religion.
From A Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changed“Our popular theology” becomes “our church Christianity,” “Tradition is always uncertain” becomes “church tradition is ready to crumble at any moment,” and “Belief,” made the substance of religion, becomes “blind trust.”
Parker’s own wordsOur popular theology is mainly based on the superficial and transient element. It stands by the forbearance of the sceptic. They who rely on it, are always in danger and always in dread.
… and wakens the thunder of the churches; the more reasonable the doubt the greater the alarm.
Do men fear lest the mountains fall : Tradition is always uncertain. " Perhaps yes, perhaps no," is all we can say of it. Yet it is made the basis of Religion. Authority is taken for Truth, and not Truth for Authority.
Belief is made the Substance of Religion, as Authority its Sanction and Tradition its Ground.
Source text: archive.orgA Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion, first editionA doubt strongly put, shakes the pulpits of New England, and wakens the thunder of the church. Do men fear lest the …
Source text: archive.orgTolstoy’s own version · На каждый деньНаше церковное христианство построено на пустых и шатких основаниях.
Разве люди боятся, чтобы горы провалились? Церковное же предание ежеминутно готово разрушиться.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. A Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion (1842), Introduction, The opening paragraph of the Introduction; the London printing (Trübner and the British and Foreign Unitarian Association, 1876).
Changed throughout. Parker's 'Our popular theology is mainly based on the superficial and transient element' becomes 'Our church Christianity is built on empty and shaky foundations' (Наше церковное христианство), and 'It stands by the forbearance of the sceptic' is dropped. 'A doubt strongly put, shakes the pulpits of New England, and wakens the thunder of the churches' becomes 'A strongly expressed doubt, shaking all its foundations, calls forth thunder and lightning from the representatives of the church'. 'Tradition is always uncertain' becomes 'Church tradition is ready to collapse at any moment'; '"Perhaps yes, perhaps no," is all we can say of it' becomes '... is all that those who rely on it can say of it'; 'and not Truth for Authority' is dropped; and 'Belief is made the Substance of Religion' becomes 'blind trust has become the essence of religion' (слепое доверие). Tolstoy starts a new paragraph at 'Do men fear'. The clause he keeps, 'the more reasonable the doubt the greater the alarm', is absent from the first edition (Boston, 1842, saved) and present in later printings (the fourth edition, Boston, 1856, and the fifth, 1870, seen on archive.org; London, 1876, saved), so his text followed a later printing. He reprinted the first paragraph and the next two sentences, to 'ready to collapse', in «На каждый день» (19 January). The Jubilee list of sources names a Unity Mission tract, 'Freedom, Fellowship and Character in Religion' (Chicago), which was not found. No printable.
Ничто не может изменить решения разума. Всё, что мы знаем, мы знаем через разум. И потому не верь тем, которые говорят, что не надо следовать разуму. Те, которые говорят так, подобны людям, которые советовали бы затушить свет единственного фонаря, руководящего нами во мраке.
Nothing can change the decisions of reason. All that we know, we know through reason. And so do not believe those who say that reason should not be followed. Those who say this are like people who would advise us to put out the light of the only lantern that guides us in the darkness.
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