Theodore ParkerТеодор Паркер

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. A Discourse of Matters Pertaining to Religion (1842), Introduction, The opening paragraph of the Introduction; the London printing (Trübner and the British and Foreign Unitarian Association, 1876).

Changed throughout. Parker's 'Our popular theology is mainly based on the superficial and transient element' becomes 'Our church Christianity is built on empty and shaky foundations' (Наше церковное христианство), and 'It stands by the forbearance of the sceptic' is dropped. 'A doubt strongly put, shakes the pulpits of New England, and wakens the thunder of the churches' becomes 'A strongly expressed doubt, shaking all its foundations, calls forth thunder and lightning from the representatives of the church'. 'Tradition is always uncertain' becomes 'Church tradition is ready to collapse at any moment'; '"Perhaps yes, perhaps no," is all we can say of it' becomes '... is all that those who rely on it can say of it'; 'and not Truth for Authority' is dropped; and 'Belief is made the Substance of Religion' becomes 'blind trust has become the essence of religion' (слепое доверие). Tolstoy starts a new paragraph at 'Do men fear'. The clause he keeps, 'the more reasonable the doubt the greater the alarm', is absent from the first edition (Boston, 1842, saved) and present in later printings (the fourth edition, Boston, 1856, and the fifth, 1870, seen on archive.org; London, 1876, saved), so his text followed a later printing. He reprinted the first paragraph and the next two sentences, to 'ready to collapse', in «На каждый день» (19 January). The Jubilee list of sources names a Unity Mission tract, 'Freedom, Fellowship and Character in Religion' (Chicago), which was not found. No printable.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. The True Idea of a Christian Church, a discourse at the installation of Theodore Parker as minister of the Twenty-eighth Congregational Church in Boston, 4 January 1846, in Speeches, Addresses, and Occasional Sermons, vol. I, After 'But the churches do not lead men therein, for they have not his spirit'.

Parker's paragraph, shortened and plainer. The blasphemer 'who, out of a base and haughty heart mocks, scoffing at that manly man, and spits upon the nobleness of Christ' becomes 'one can crudely blaspheme, mock greatness'; 'There are few such deniers: my heart mourns for them. But they do little harm' becomes 'but such a way is not dangerous'. 'no scoffing word can silence that' becomes 'for anyone's mockery to take it from them', and the young Nazarene and the icicle against the summer's sun are left out. The second way is kept clause by clause ('to call him Lord, and never do his bidding; to stifle free minds with his words …'); 'From this we have much to fear' becomes 'This second way is especially dangerous'. Tolstoy reprinted it unchanged but for punctuation in «На каждый день» (18 April). No printable.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. A Discourse of the Transient and Permanent in Christianity (Boston, 19 May 1841), in The Collected Works of Theodore Parker, ed. Frances Power Cobbe, vol. VIII, Miscellaneous Discourses (London: Trübner), Toward the end of the discourse, after 'come to the plain words of Jesus of Nazareth'; Wikisource transcription of Cobbe's vol. VIII.

Parker's paragraph with its middle left out. 'Christianity is a simple thing, very simple' is kept; of 'It is absolute, pure morality; absolute, pure religion; the love of man; the love of God acting without let or hindrance' Tolstoy keeps 'love of man, love of God'. The creed ('there is a God') is left out. 'Its watchword is, Be perfect as your Father in heaven' becomes the command itself, 'Be perfect, as thy heavenly father'; 'The only form it demands is a divine life; doing the best thing in the best way, from the highest motives' becomes 'live in God, that is, do the best deeds, in the best way and for the best ends' (живи в боге, т. е. делай наилучшие дела…); 'perfect obedience to the great law of God' and the sentence on its sanction are left out. The close, 'All this is very simple—a little child can understand it; very beautiful—the loftiest mind can find nothing so lovely', is kept as a paragraph of its own, with 'the loftiest mind can find nothing so lovely' as 'a great mind will devise nothing more beautiful'. Walkley's selection in Unity's Church-Door Pulpit (1885) begins and ends the passage where Tolstoy does, and the selection just before it is the passage of 4-17.2. The Jubilee list of Tolstoy's sources names 'Freedom, Fellowship and Character in Religion, Unity Mission № 18, Chicago'. That is the masthead of Unity's Church-Door Pulpit, whose Series II gave four numbers to 'Gospel passages' of Channing, Parker, Emerson, and Martineau; the Parker number (No. 10, 1885) prints the passages of 4-17.1 and 4-17.2 one after the other, with the same cuts and the same ending as Tolstoy's, so it was probably what he read. Its No. 18 (16 February 1886) is a discourse, S. H. Sonneschein's 'Darwin and Emerson', so the Jubilee's '№ 18' does not match it; the series' Channing and Emerson numbers were not found (Nos. 12 and 13 are missing on archive.org). No printable.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. The Popular Theology, a sermon in Sermons of Theism, Atheism, and the Popular Theology (Boston, 1853), Pp. 92–93, after 'I make a distinction between his theology and his religion'.

Close until its last clause, which is Tolstoy's. Parker's five sentences are kept in order, as Walkley's selection gives them: the sentence on the theology of the most eminent Catholics and Protestants, and the one on how wicked it is thought to say this, are left out in both. 'a marked progress in the religious sentiments, ideas, and actions of individual men, and of the leading nations' becomes 'among individual men and peoples'; 'more rapid' becomes 'more significant' (значительнее); 'No man is so great as mankind' becomes 'One man cannot be as great as mankind'; the genius becomes 'a great man'. To the man who stands where the genius once stood Tolstoy adds 'and then a new great man is needed, and he appears and opens the way further' (и тогда нужен новый великий человек, и он является и открывает дальнейший путь), where Parker's selection goes on, 'Every great genius for religion will add new facts to the world's experience of religion'. «На каждый день» (19 February) ends with a version of Parker's sentence instead: 'Every great religious genius makes religious truths ever clearer and so furthers the ever greater union of people', the union being Tolstoy's. The sermon has 'yet more rapid' and 'to our time', the selection 'more rapid' and 'to our own time'; Tolstoy's 'yet more significant' (еще значительнее) and 'to ours' do not decide between them. The Jubilee list of Tolstoy's sources names 'Freedom, Fellowship and Character in Religion, Unity Mission № 18, Chicago'. That is the masthead of Unity's Church-Door Pulpit, whose Series II gave four numbers to 'Gospel passages' of Channing, Parker, Emerson, and Martineau; the Parker number (No. 10, 1885) prints the passages of 4-17.1 and 4-17.2 one after the other, with the same cuts and the same ending as Tolstoy's, so it was probably what he read. Its No. 18 (16 February 1886) is a discourse, S. H. Sonneschein's 'Darwin and Emerson', so the Jubilee's '№ 18' does not match it; the series' Channing and Emerson numbers were not found (Nos. 12 and 13 are missing on archive.org). No printable.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. The Function and Place of Conscience, in Relation to the Laws of Men: A Sermon for the Times (preached at the Melodeon, Boston, 22 September 1850), Near the end of the sermon; Speeches, Addresses, and Occasional Sermons, vol. III (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1861).

Parker's counsel to the young man, as Unity's Church-Door Pulpit selection of 1885 prints it, cut after 'keep your integrity also' (What Tolstoy read); April found both its Parker entries in the same selection. Tolstoy changes it throughout: 'O, young man, now in the period of the passions, reverence your Conscience' becomes 'You are young and living through the time of enthusiasms and passions. All the more at this age listen to the voice of your conscience, revere it above all'; 'to no foolish compliance with other men's ways, to no ungodly custom, even if become a law' becomes 'nor for submission to men's suggestions, to customs, even if they are called law', so that 'foolish' and 'ungodly' are gone; 'Ask always "Is it right for me?"' becomes 'Always ask yourself: is this in accord with my conscience?'; 'Be brave and self-denying' is kept; 'Fear not to differ from men' becomes 'Do not fear that you will part from people's opinion'; and 'keeping your modesty, keep your integrity also' is left out. No printable, for the changes.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Two letters of Theodore Parker, as printed in O. B. Frothingham, Theodore Parker: A Biography (Boston, 1874), Second paragraph: a letter quoted in ch. 'The Ferment of Thought', pp. 144–145; first paragraph: letter to Robert White, Jun., New York, Boston, 15 March 1853, ch. 'Specimens of Correspondence', pp. 283–284.

Joined from two letters. The first paragraph is from Parker's letter of 15 March 1853 to Robert White, Jun., on the death of White's relative: 'Death is one step in our progress; birth was a step once. But birth was a death to one form of being, and death is a birth into another form of being' becomes 'Death is only one step in our continuous development. Our birth was such a step too, with the one difference that birth is death for one form of being, and death birth into another': 'progress' becomes 'continuous development' (непрерывном развитии). The second paragraph is from an earlier letter that Frothingham quotes without its date or recipient. 'Death is always a blessing to him who dies: the man ceases to be mortal' becomes 'Death is happiness for the dying man. Dying, you cease to be mortal'; 'this change which takes place in the animal system' becomes 'this change'; 'To me it is a change which is always made for the better' is kept; Parker's likening of death to a boy's first change from baby clothes to trousers, with Swedenborg's dead who forgot they had died, is left out. 'Are we not foolish' becomes 'Are we not mad' (Разве мы не безумны); 'He that is prepared to live, and fit to live, is fittest to die: is he not?' becomes 'He who knows how to live will know how to die' (Тот, кто умеет жить, сумеет и умереть); 'the soul never tells you or me' becomes 'our soul never tells us'; 'and so death is an affair of the senses' becomes 'and it is the senses that created death' (а чувства-то и создали смерть); 'too sensual a matter for wise men to concern themselves much about' becomes 'So is it worth reasonable people's troubling about it?'. What Tolstoy read is not known: neither letter is in Albert Walkley's selection in Unity's Church-Door Pulpit (16 October 1885), which gave Tolstoy his Parker in April and June.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Theodore Parker: A Biography, by Octavius Brooks Frothingham (1874), ch. IV, Divinity Hall, p. 61 (Boston: James R. Osgood, 1874), among the 'sentiments' and apothegms Frothingham copies from Parker's Journal and Common-Place Book of his Divinity School years.

Faithful, word for word. The line is Parker's own, from his Journal of his years at the Harvard Divinity School, which Frothingham quotes among a run of his apothegms ('Faith is collective energy', 'Liberty is justice secured'); Peter Dean's The Life and Teachings of Theodore Parker (London, 1877) repeats the list (archive.org full text; not saved). Which book or calendar Tolstoy read it in is not known: it is not in Southgate's two anthologies, Tileston, Coit, Unity's Church-Door Pulpit number on Parker (1885), Parker's saved works, or the saved issues of The World's Advance-Thought. Parker's own words are printed.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. The Relation of Jesus to his Age and the Ages, a sermon preached at the Thursday Lecture, Boston, 26 December 1844 (Speeches, Addresses, and Occasional Sermons, vol. I), Closing paragraph of the sermon.

Close, with small cuts: 'the greatest person of the ages; the proudest achievement of the human race' becomes 'a great man'; 'He was the greatest fact in the whole history of man' and the last lines ('Daily and nightly He showers down...Lo, God is here') are dropped; 'a born King of the world' is dropped; 'a dwarf' becomes 'nothing'; 'the little din of church or state' becomes 'neither church nor state'. Parker's three excerpts are continuous text.