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The week’s reading, after February 11Недельное чтение после 11 февраля

The BuddhaБудда

Будда

Tolstoy’s own retelling of the Buddha’s life and teaching, its facts from the article “Buddhism” in the Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, with scenes from Edwin Arnold’s The Light of Asia (1879) and the ten commandments and last words as Paul Carus gives them in The Gospel of Buddha.

Две тысячи четыреста лет тому назад жил в Индии царь Судходана. У него было две жены, две родные сестры, но детей ни от одной, ни от другой не было. Царь очень огорчался этим, и вдруг, когда он уже перестал надеяться, старшая жена его, Майя, родила сына.

Two thousand four hundred years ago there lived in India a king, Suddhodana. He had two wives, who were sisters, but he had no children by either of them. The king grieved greatly over this, and suddenly, when he had already stopped hoping, his elder wife, Maya, bore a son.

Царь не мог нарадоваться на сына и ничего не жалел для него, чтобы радовать, веселить и обучать сына всяким наукам. Сидхарта — так назвали сына — был мальчик и умный, и красивый, и добрый. Когда Сидхарте минуло 19 лет, отец женил его на его двоюродной сестре и поселил молодых в великолепном дворце, среди прекрасных садов и рощ. Во дворце и садах молодого Сидхарты было всё то, чего только может желать человек.

The king could not rejoice enough in his son, and he spared nothing for him, to gladden him, amuse him, and instruct him in every branch of learning. Siddhartha — so the son was named — was a boy who was clever, and handsome, and kind. When Siddhartha turned 19, his father married him to his cousin and settled the young couple in a magnificent palace, among beautiful gardens and groves. In the palace and gardens of the young Siddhartha there was everything one could possibly wish for.

Желая видеть своего любимого сына всегда счастливым и веселым, царь Судходана строго приказал приближенным и слугам Сидхарты не только ничем не огорчать его, но и скрывать от него всё то, что могло бы опечалить молодого наследника или навести его на грустные мысли.

Wishing to see his beloved son always happy and cheerful, King Suddhodana strictly ordered Siddhartha’s attendants and servants not only to do nothing that would grieve him, but also to hide from him everything that might sadden the young heir or lead him to sorrowful thoughts.

Сидхарта не выезжал из своих владений, а в своих владениях он не видал ничего испорченного, нечистого, стареющегося. Слуги старались убирать всё то, что могло быть неприятно для вида, не только удаляя всё нечистое, но и убирали и срывали с деревьев и кустов завядшие листья. Так что молодой Сидхарта видел вокруг себя только всё молодое, здоровое, красивое и веселое.

Siddhartha did not go beyond his own grounds, and within his grounds he saw nothing decayed, unclean, or growing old. The servants took care to clear away everything that might be unpleasant to the eye, not only removing everything unclean, but even sweeping up the withered leaves and plucking them from the trees and bushes. So the young Siddhartha saw around him only what was young, healthy, beautiful, and cheerful.

Так прожил Сидхарта более года после женитьбы. Один раз, катаясь по своим садам, Сидхарта вздумал выехать из своих владений, чтобы посмотреть, как живут другие люди.

So Siddhartha lived for more than a year after his marriage. One day, as he was driving about his gardens, Siddhartha took it into his head to drive out beyond his grounds, to see how other people live.

Сидхарта приказал своему вознице Чанне везти его в город. Всё, что он увидал: улицы, дома, мужчин и женщин в различных одеждах, лавки, товары, всё это было ново для Сидхарты и приятно заняло и развлекло его.

Siddhartha ordered his charioteer, Channa, to drive him into the town. All that he saw — the streets, the houses, the men and women in their various dress, the shops, the wares — all this was new to Siddhartha, and it pleasantly occupied and diverted him.

Но вдруг на одной из улиц он увидал такого странного человека, каких он никогда не видел. Странный человек сидел скорчившись у стены дома и громко и жалобно стонал. Лицо этого человека было бледно и сморщено, и он весь дрожал.

But suddenly, in one of the streets, he saw a man so strange that he had never seen the like. The strange man sat hunched against the wall of a house, moaning loudly and piteously. The man’s face was pale and wrinkled, and he was trembling all over.

— Что с этим человеком? — спросил Сидхарта у возницы Чанны.

“What is the matter with this man?” Siddhartha asked Channa, the charioteer.

— Верно, болен, — сказал Чанна.

“He must be sick,” said Channa.

— Что такое значит болен?

“What does ‘sick’ mean?”

— Болен значит то, что тело его расстроилось.

“‘Sick’ means that his body has gone wrong.”

— И что же, ему больно?

“And does it hurt him?”

— Должно быть, больно.

“It must hurt.”

— Почему же это сделалось с ним?

“Why has this happened to him?”

— Напала болезнь.

“Sickness has fallen on him.”

— И на всех так может напасть болезнь?

“And can sickness fall like that on everyone?”

— На всех.

“On everyone.”

Сидхарта больше не спрашивал.

Siddhartha asked nothing more.

Немного дальше к колеснице Сидхарты подошел старик нищий. Дряхлый, с согнутой спиной, с слезящимися красными глазами, старик насилу переставлял высохшие, трясущиеся ноги и, шамкая беззубным ртом, просил милостыню.

A little farther on, an old beggar came up to Siddhartha’s chariot. Decrepit, his back bent, his red eyes watering, the old man could barely move his withered, trembling legs, and, mumbling with his toothless mouth, he begged for alms.

— Это тоже больной? — спросил Сидхарта.

“Is this one sick too?” asked Siddhartha.

— Нет, это старик, — сказал Чанна.

“No, this is an old man,” said Channa.

— Что значит старик?

“What does ‘old man’ mean?”

— Значит: состарился.

“It means he has grown old.”

— Отчего же это сделалось?

“And what made that happen?”

— Жил долго.

“He has lived a long time.”

— Все люди стареются? Это делается со всеми, кто долго живет?

“Do all people grow old? Does this happen to everyone who lives a long time?”

— Со всеми.

“To everyone.”

— Сделается и со мной, если я долго проживу?

“Will it happen to me too, if I live a long time?”

— Со всеми то же, — отвечал Чанна.

“It is the same for everyone,” answered Channa.

— Вези меня домой, — сказал Сидхарта.

“Take me home,” said Siddhartha.

Чанна погнал лошадей, но на выезде из города их задержали люди. Они на носилках несли что-то, похожее на человека.

Channa urged on the horses, but on the way out of the town some people held them up. They were carrying on a litter something that looked like a man.

— Что это? — спросил Сидхарта.

“What is that?” asked Siddhartha.

— Это мертвый, — ответил Чанна.

“That is a dead man,” answered Channa.

— Что значит мертвый? — спросил Сидхарта.

“What does ‘dead’ mean?” asked Siddhartha.

— Мертвый значит, что жизнь кончилась.

“‘Dead’ means that life has come to an end.”

Сидхарта слез с колесницы и подошел к людям, несшим мертвеца. Мертвец с открытыми, остановившимися, стеклянными глазами, оскаленными зубами и окостеневшими членами лежал так неподвижно, как только лежат мертвецы.

Siddhartha got down from the chariot and went up to the people carrying the dead man. The dead man, with open, fixed, glassy eyes, bared teeth, and stiffened limbs, lay as still as only the dead lie.

— Отчего это случилось с ним? — спросил Сидхарта.

“Why did this happen to him?” asked Siddhartha.

— Смерть пришла. Все умирают.

“Death came. Everyone dies.”

— Все умирают, — повторил Сидхарта и, вернувшись на колесницу, не поднимая головы, доехал до дома.

“Everyone dies,” Siddhartha repeated, and, getting back into the chariot, he rode all the way home without raising his head.

Целый день Сидхарта просидел один в дальнем углу сада и не переставая думал о том, что он видел.

The whole day Siddhartha sat alone in a far corner of the garden and thought without ceasing about what he had seen.

«Все люди болеют, все люди стареются, все люди умирают, — как же могут люди жить, зная, что всякий час они могут заболеть, что они с каждым часом стареются, обезображиваясь и теряя силы, и, кроме того, знают, что всякий час могут умереть, наверное умрут рано или поздно. Как же можно чему-нибудь радоваться, что-нибудь делать, как же жить, зная наверное, что умрешь? Этого не должно быть, — сказал себе Сидхарта. — Надо найти избавление от этого. И я найду его. И, когда найду, передам его людям. Но для того, чтобы найти это, надо уйти из этого дворца, где всё развлекает мои мысли, уйти от жены, от отца и матери и пойти к пустынникам и мудрецам и спросить их, как они понимают обо всем этом».

“All people fall sick, all people grow old, all people die — how can people live, knowing that at any hour they may fall sick, that with every hour they grow older, becoming disfigured and losing their strength, and knowing besides that at any hour they may die, that they will surely die sooner or later? How can you rejoice in anything, do anything, how can you live at all, knowing for certain that you will die? This must not be,” Siddhartha said to himself. “A deliverance from this must be found. And I will find it. And when I find it, I will pass it on to people. But to find it, I must leave this palace, where everything distracts my thoughts, leave my wife, my father and mother, and go to the hermits and sages and ask them how they understand all this.”

И, решив это, Сидхарта на следующую ночь позвал своего возницу Чанну, велел оседлать себе лошадь и отворить ворота. Прежде чем уехать из дому, он вошел к своей жене. Она спала. Он не стал будить ее, но, мысленно простившись с нею, тихим шагом, стараясь не разбудить спящих рабов и рабынь, вышел навсегда из своего дворца и, сев на лошадь, один уехал из родного дома.

And, having decided this, on the following night Siddhartha called his charioteer, Channa, and told him to saddle a horse for him and open the gates. Before leaving home, he went into his wife’s room. She was asleep. He did not wake her, but, bidding her farewell in his thoughts, with quiet steps, trying not to wake the sleeping slaves, men and women, he went out of his palace forever and, mounting the horse, rode away alone from the home where he was born.

Проехав так далеко, как могла везти его лошадь, он слез с нее и пустил ее, а сам, переменившись платьем с встретившимся монахом и обрезав себе волосы, пошел к браминским мудрецам-пустынникам и просил их объяснить ему то, чего он не понимал: зачем болезнь, старость и смерть и как избавиться от них. Один брамин принял его и передал ему браминское учение. Учение это было в том, что душа человеческая переселяется из одного существа в другие, что всякий человек был в прежней жизни животным и по смерти, смотря по своей жизни, переселится в высшее или низшее существо. Сидхарта понял это учение, но не принял его. Он прожил у браминов полгода и ушел от них в дремучие леса, где жили знаменитые учители-пустынники, и прожил с ними шесть лет в посте и трудах. И он так много трудился и постился, что о нем прошла слава в народе, и около него собрались ученики, и люди стали восхвалять его. Но и в учении этих пустынников он не нашел того, чего искал, и на него нашло искушение, и он стал жалеть о том, чтó покинул, и хотел вернуться к своему отцу и жене. Но он не пошел домой, а ушел от своих почитателей и учеников и удалился в место, где никто не знал его, и думал всё о том же: как спастись от болезни, старости и смерти.

Having ridden as far as the horse could carry him, he got down and let it go; and he himself, having exchanged clothes with a monk he met and cut off his hair, went to the Brahmin hermit sages and asked them to explain to him what he did not understand: what sickness, old age, and death are for, and how to be delivered from them. One Brahmin took him in and imparted to him the Brahmin teaching. This teaching was that the human soul passes from one being into others, that every human being was an animal in a former life, and after death, according to the life lived, will pass into a higher or a lower being. Siddhartha understood this teaching but did not accept it. He lived with the Brahmins for half a year, and went from them into the deep forests where famous hermit teachers lived, and lived with them six years in fasting and toil. And he toiled and fasted so much that his fame spread among the people, and disciples gathered around him, and people began to praise him. But in the teaching of these hermits too he did not find what he was seeking, and temptation came upon him, and he began to regret what he had left, and wanted to go back to his father and his wife. Yet he did not go home, but went away from his admirers and disciples and withdrew to a place where no one knew him, and kept thinking about the same thing: how to be saved from sickness, old age, and death.

Долго он мучился, но один раз, когда он сидел под деревом и думал всё о том же, ему вдруг открылось то, чего он искал: открылся путь спасения от страданий, старости и смерти. Путь спасения представился ему в четырех истинах.

For a long time he was in torment, but once, as he sat under a tree thinking about the same thing, what he was seeking was suddenly revealed to him: the way of salvation from suffering, old age, and death was revealed to him. The way of salvation appeared to him in four truths.

Первая истина была в том, что все люди подвержены страданиям. Вторая истина в том, что причина страданий — страсти. Третья истина в том, что для того, чтобы избавиться от страдания, надо уничтожить в себе страсти. Четвертая истина в том, что для того, чтобы уничтожить страсти, нужно четыре дела.

The first truth was that all people are subject to suffering. The second truth was that the cause of suffering is the passions. The third truth was that to be delivered from suffering, one must destroy the passions in oneself. The fourth truth was that to destroy the passions, four things are needed.

Первое — пробуждение сердца; второе — очищение мыслей; третье — освобождение себя от недоброжелательства и раздражительности; четвертое — пробуждение в себе любви не только к людям, но ко всему живому.

The first is the awakening of the heart; the second, the purification of one’s thoughts; the third, the liberation of oneself from ill will and irritability; the fourth, the awakening in oneself of love not only for people, but for every living thing.

Умерщвлять свою плоть излишне, нужнее всего очищение души от дурных помыслов. Истинное же освобождение — только в любви. Только человек, заменивший любовью свои похотливые желания, порывает цепи невежества, страстей и избавляется от страдания и смерти.

To mortify one’s flesh is needless; what is needed most of all is the purification of the soul from evil thoughts. And true liberation lies only in love. Only those who have replaced their lustful desires with love break the chains of ignorance and of the passions, and are delivered from suffering and death.

Когда учение это открылось ему, Сидхарта оставил пустыню, перестал поститься и изнурять свое тело и стал ходить по народу и проповедывать открывшуюся ему истину.

When this teaching had been revealed to him, Siddhartha left the wilderness, stopped fasting and wearing down his body, and began to go about among the people and preach the truth that had been revealed to him.

Сначала ученики оставили его, но потом, поняв его учение, опять присоединились к нему. И, несмотря на то, что брамины преследовали Сидхарту-Будду, учение его всё более и более распространялось.

At first his disciples left him, but afterward, having understood his teaching, they joined him again. And although the Brahmins persecuted Siddhartha the Buddha, his teaching spread more and more.

Учение свое Сидхарта проповедывал народу в десяти заповедях:

Siddhartha preached his teaching to the people in ten commandments:

Первая заповедь: не убивай, береги жизнь всего живого.

The first commandment: do not kill; protect the life of every living thing.

Вторая заповедь: не крадь, не грабь, не отнимай у людей произведения их труда.

The second commandment: do not steal, do not rob, do not take from people the products of their labor.

Третья заповедь: будь целомудренен и в мыслях и в жизни.

The third commandment: be chaste both in thought and in life.

Четвертая заповедь: не лги; говори правду, когда нужно, бесстрашно, но любовно.

The fourth commandment: do not lie; speak the truth when it is needed, fearlessly but lovingly.

Пятая заповедь: не говори дурного о людях и не повторяй того дурного, что говорят о людях.

The fifth commandment: do not speak ill of people, and do not repeat the ill that is spoken of people.

Шестая заповедь: не клянись.

The sixth commandment: do not swear.

Седьмая заповедь: не трать время на пустые речи, но говори дело или молчи.

The seventh commandment: do not waste time on idle talk, but speak to the point or keep silent.

Восьмая заповедь: не корыстуйся и не завидуй, а радуйся благу ближнего.

The eighth commandment: do not be greedy for gain, and do not envy, but rejoice in your neighbor’s good.

Девятая заповедь: очищай сердце от злобы, никого не ненавидь, а люби всех.

The ninth commandment: cleanse your heart of malice, hate no one, but love everyone.

Десятая заповедь: старайся понять истину.

The tenth commandment: strive to understand the truth.

В продолжение шестидесяти лет Будда, переходя из места в место, проповедывал свое учение.

For sixty years the Buddha went from place to place, preaching his teaching.

Последние годы Будда был слаб, но всё еще ходил и проповедывал. На одном из таких переходов он почувствовал приближение смерти и, остановившись, сказал: «Меня томит жажда». Ученики подали ему воды, он выпил немного, посидел и пошел дальше. Но около реки Харанеавата он опять остановился и, сев под дерево, сказал ученикам своим: «Пришла моя смерть. Помните без меня всё, что я говорил вам». Любимый ученик его Ананда, слушая его, не мог сдержаться и, отойдя в сторону, заплакал. Сидхарта тотчас же послал за ним и сказал: «Полно, Ананда! не плачь, не тревожься. Рано или поздно мы должны расстаться со всем, что нам дорого здесь. Разве на этом свете есть что-нибудь вечное? Друзья мои, — прибавил он, обращаясь к другим ученикам, — живите так, как я учил вас. Освобождайтесь от опутывающей людей сети страстей. Идите по тому пути, который я указал вам. Помните всегда, что телесное всё разрушается, только истина неразрушима и вечна. В ней ищите спасение».

In his last years the Buddha was weak, but he still went about and preached. On one of these journeys he felt death drawing near, and, stopping, he said: “I am faint with thirst.” His disciples gave him water; he drank a little, sat a while, and went on. But near the river Haraneavata he stopped again and, sitting down under a tree, said to his disciples: “My death has come. When I am gone, remember all that I have told you.” His beloved disciple Ananda, listening to him, could not restrain himself, and, stepping aside, he wept. Siddhartha at once sent for him and said: “Come now, Ananda! Do not weep, do not be troubled. Sooner or later we must part with everything that is dear to us here. Is there anything eternal in this world? My friends,” he added, turning to the other disciples, “live as I have taught you. Free yourselves from the net of the passions that entangles people. Walk the path that I have shown you. Remember always that all things of the body are destroyed; only the truth is indestructible and eternal. Seek salvation in it.”

Это были последние слова его.

These were his last words.

Изложил Л. Н. Толстой.

Retold by Leo Tolstoy

Tolstoy’s own retelling of the Buddha’s life and teaching, its facts from the article “Buddhism” in the Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, with scenes from Edwin Arnold’s The Light of Asia (1879) and the ten commandments and last words as Paul Carus gives them in The Gospel of Buddha.

Translation notes

  1. The names are the usual ones written in Russian letters (Судходана, Майя, Сидхарта, Чанна, Ананда) and are given in their usual English forms: Suddhodana, Maya, Siddhartha, Channa, Ananda. Buddha, “the Awakened One,” is the title by which Siddhartha came to be known. ↑
  2. The four truths are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhist teaching. In the tradition the fourth truth is the way that ends suffering, the Noble Eightfold Path; Tolstoy’s way has four parts. ↑
  3. Nine of the ten commandments match, in order, the ten wholesome courses of action of Buddhist teaching: refraining from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, slander, harsh speech, and idle talk, and from covetousness, ill will, and wrong view. The sixth differs: where the tradition forbids harsh speech, Tolstoy’s forbids oaths. ↑
  4. «Не клянись» is “do not swear” in the sense of oaths, the verb of Matthew 5:34 in the Russian Bible, «не клянитесь вовсе» (KJV: “Swear not at all”). ↑
  5. So the Russian; the tradition gives some forty-five years of teaching, from the awakening at thirty-five to the death at eighty. ↑
  6. Haraneavata: so the Russian; probably the Hiranyavati (Pali Hiraññavatī), the river by Kusinara where the tradition places the Buddha’s death. ↑
Where each paragraph came from
1
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
Original · Russian
В нескольких днях пути к северу от Бенареса, в Капилавасту, над племенем сакиев царствовал Судгодана (по мнению одних — в половине VI века, по мнению других — в начале V века до Р. Х.).
Соседи жили в мире и согласии, и две дочери правителя колианов вышли замуж за Судгодану.
Обе эти жены были бездетны, и велика была радость всего народа, когда старшая жена, Магамайя, имея 45 лет от роду, объявила мужу, что готовится сделаться матерью.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Tolstoy’s own version · «Сиддарта, прозванный Буддой, т. е. святым»
Въ этой-то землѣ и среди этого народа родился, безъ малаго за 2500 лѣтъ тому назадъ, за 600 лѣтъ до Р. X. святой Сиддарта Будда; …
600 лѣтъ до Рождества Христова царствовалъ царь Судогдана. Женился онъ въ молодости на красавицѣ, царской дочери, по имени Маія. И не было у царя дѣтей.
Source text: tolstoy.ru
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

From the article, changed. The article: Suddhodana (Судгодана) ruled the Sakyas at Kapilavastu, «в нескольких днях пути к северу от Бенареса», in the sixth or fifth century BC; the two daughters of the ruler of the Koliyas married him; both were childless, and the whole people rejoiced when the elder, Mahamaya, aged 45, told her husband she was to be a mother. Tolstoy keeps the two childless sisters and the elder's son. He changes the place and date to «Две тысячи четыреста лет тому назад ... в Индии», Магамайя to «Майя», and the people's joy to the king's grief and his despair before the birth («когда он уже перестал надеяться»); he leaves out her age and the birth on the road to her parents. His unfinished «Сиддарта, прозванный Буддой» (1886-1887) had begun with the Buddha born «за 2500 лѣтъ тому назадъ» and a king long without children by one wife, Maya. The first edition (1906) opened with the article's place and date: «В нескольких днях пути к северу от Бенареса, у подошвы Гималайских гор, в начале V века до Р. Х. царствовал над племенем сакиев Судходана», as quoted by R. F. Bekmetov and M.-J. Peykani (Филология и культура, 2024, No. 3, p. 154, n. 11) from the 1906 edition, vol. 1, p. 110; that edition was not found online.

2
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
The palace which the king had given to the prince was resplendent with all the luxuries of India …
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
В последующее время ребенок был более известен под фамильным именем Гаутамы, но собственно его имя было Сидхарта.
Девятнадцатилетним юношей он женился на своей двоюродной сестре Язодгаре (Jasodhara) и предался всей роскоши и неге восточной жизни.
По южно-буддийскому преданию, его родственники открыто обратились с жалобой к его отцу, говоря, что сын его живет только в свое удовольствие, ровно ничему не учится, и они боятся, что он не сумеет управлять государством. Гаутама, узнав об этом, просил назначить день испытания и поразил всех своими познаниями.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

From the article: the name Сидхарта (the article's spelling) and his marriage at nineteen to his cousin (the article names her, Yasodhara), after which he gave himself to «всей роскоши и неге восточной жизни». Tolstoy's own: the king's delight in his son, the teaching «всяким наукам», and the boy «и умный, и красивый, и добрый». The article says instead that his relatives complained to the king that he learned nothing, until he astonished them at a trial. The palace is Carus's, «resplendent with all the luxuries of India»; the gardens and groves are Tolstoy's.

3
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · joined by Tolstoy from several places .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
… for the king was anxious to see his son happy.
All sorrowful sights, all misery, and all knowledge of misery were kept away from Siddhartha, and he knew not that there was evil in the world.
Source text: archive.org
Related · The Light of Asia
The King commanded that within those walls No mention should be made of death or age, Sorrow, or pain, or sickness.
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Not in the article. Joined from Carus, where the king, «anxious to see his son happy», keeps from him all sorrowful sights and all knowledge of misery, and Arnold, where the king commands that no mention be made of death, age, sorrow, pain, or sickness within the palace walls. Tolstoy makes it a strict order to the prince's attendants and servants.

4
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
And every dawn the dying rose was plucked, The dead leaves hid, all evil sights removed …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Not in the article. Arnold's «every dawn the dying rose was plucked, The dead leaves hid» becomes servants who strip the withered leaves from trees and bushes. That Siddhartha never left his own lands, and the last sentence (he saw only what was young, healthy, beautiful, and gay), are Tolstoy's own.

5
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
Fain would I know the people and the streets, Their simple usual ways, and workday deeds, And lives which those men live who are not kings.
Source text: gutenberg.org
Original · Russian
Будучи двадцати девяти лет, Гаутама поехал однажды к себе на дачу и дорогою был поражен видом человека, совершенно расслабленного от старости; …
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

The article sends him, at twenty-nine, to his country house («к себе на дачу»), and the first sight meets him on the road. Tolstoy sets the outing «более года после женитьбы» (by the article it is ten years after the marriage) and gives it the purpose Arnold's prince gives for his second outing, to know the lives «which those men live who are not kings»: «чтобы посмотреть, как живут другие люди».

6
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
Seeing the glad and sad things of the town: The painted streets alive with hum of noon, The traders cross-legged 'mid their spice and grain, …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Related · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Thus Siddhartha rode with Channa, his charioteer, through the streets of the city, …
Source text: archive.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's long catalogue of the town (traders, buyers, oxen, palanquins, weavers, smiths, soldiers, a snake-charmer, a wedding) reduced to streets, houses, men and women, shops, and wares. In Arnold the prince walks the town in a merchant's dress; Tolstoy keeps the chariot of Carus and of Arnold's first outing. The charioteer Channa (Чанна) is named in the article, Arnold, and Carus.

7
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
When from the roadside moaned a mournful voice, …
A stricken wretch it was, whose quivering frame, Caught by some deadly plague, lay in the dust …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Original · Russian
… в другой раз ему встретился человек, страдавший отвратительной болезнью, …
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Related · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
And lo ! while they were passing on, a sick man appeared on the way-side, gasping for breath, his body disfigured, convulsed and groaning with pain.
Source text: archive.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
Но в этот раз ему встречается больной. Он видит изможденного, посиневшего, трясущегося человека, с помутившимися глазами.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

The sick man is the second sight in the article, Arnold, Carus, and Tolstoy's own Confession (1882); Tolstoy makes him the first, ahead of the old man. His loud and mournful moaning is Arnold's «mournful voice» (Carus: «groaning with pain»); «весь дрожал» is Arnold's «quivering frame» and the Confession's «трясущегося». Sitting huddled against a house wall and the pale, wrinkled face are Tolstoy's own (Confession: «посиневшего»). Arnold's plague and purple blotches, and his prince lifting the sick man onto his knee, are left out.

8
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
The prince asked his charioteer : ''What kind of man is this?
Source text: archive.org
Related · The Light of Asia
Why is it, Channa, that he pants and moans, And gasps to speak and sighs so pitiful?
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's question, «What kind of man is this?»; Arnold's prince asks Channa why the man pants and moans.

9
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
This man is sick.
Source text: archive.org
Related · The Light of Asia
This is a sick man with the fit upon him.
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's «This man is sick». «Верно» (surely), a guess, is Tolstoy's.

10
Tolstoy’s own words .
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
Царевич, от которого скрыты были болезни, останавливается и спрашивает, что это такое.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Tolstoy's own question; it is not in the article, Arnold, or Carus. The prince who has never known sickness asks what it is, as in Tolstoy's Confession (1882), where he asks «что это такое» of the sick man and «Что значит мертвый?» of the dead (W.33).

11
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
The four elements of his body are confused and out of order.
Source text: archive.org
Related · The Light of Asia
Is smitten with some pest; his elements Are all confounded; …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's «The four elements of his body are confused and out of order» (Arnold: «his elements Are all confounded») becomes «тело его расстроилось»: the four elements are dropped.

12
Tolstoy’s own words .
Related · The Light of Asia
Asked: "Brother, what is ill with thee? what harm Hath fallen? wherefore canst thou not arise?
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Tolstoy's own question. In Arnold the prince asks the sick man himself what is wrong with him.

13
Tolstoy’s own words .
Related · The Light of Asia
And scream of terror, crying, "Ah, the pain! Good people, help!"
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Tolstoy's own answer. In Arnold the sick man cries out his pain himself.

14
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
… what harm Hath fallen?
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's prince asks «what harm Hath fallen?»; Tolstoy asks why it happened to him, a question he repeats for the old man (W.23) and the dead man (W.36).

15
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
Is smitten with some pest; …
Like the sly snake they come That stings unseen; …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's Channa says the man «Is smitten with some pest» and that such ills come «like the sly snake ... That stings unseen»; Tolstoy's «Напала болезнь» gives the gist in two words.

16
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
"And are there others, are there many thus? Or might it be to me as now with him?"
Source text: gutenberg.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
И когда он узнает, что это — болезнь, которой подвержены все люди, и что он сам, здоровый и счастливый царевич, завтра может заболеть так же, …
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's two questions (are there many such, and could it be so with me?) become one: can sickness fall on everyone. The Confession (1882) has the prince learn that all men are subject to sickness and that he himself may fall ill tomorrow.

17
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
"Great Lord!" answered the charioteer, "this comes In many forms to all men; …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Related · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
We are all subject to such conditions : the poor and the rich, the ignorant and the wise, all creatures that have bodies, are liable to the same calamity.
Source text: archive.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's «this comes In many forms to all men» (Carus: «We are all subject to such conditions»), with Arnold's list of ills, reduced to «На всех».

18
Tolstoy’s own words .
Related · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
And Siddhartha was still more moved.
Source text: archive.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Tolstoy's own. In Carus the prince «was still more moved»; in Arnold he goes on questioning Channa about sickness, age, and death.

19
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
Crept forth a wretch in rags, haggard and foul, An old, old man, whose shrivelled skin, suntanned, Clung like a beast's hide to his fleshless bones.
Bent was his back with load of many days, His eyepits red with rust of ancient tears, His dim orbs blear with rheum, his toothless jaws Wagging with palsy …
One skinny hand Clutched a worn staff to prop his quavering limbs, …
"Alms!" moaned he, "give, good people! for I die Tomorrow or the next day!"
Source text: gutenberg.org
Original · Russian
… и дорогою был поражен видом человека, совершенно расслабленного от старости; …
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Related · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
His head is white, his eyes are bleared, and his body is withered.
Source text: archive.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
… едет на гулянье и видит страшного старика, беззубого и слюнявого.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's old beggar, condensed: «Bent was his back» becomes «с согнутой спиной»; «His eyepits red with rust of ancient tears, His dim orbs blear with rheum» becomes «с слезящимися красными глазами»; «his toothless jaws Wagging with palsy» becomes «шамкая беззубным ртом»; the staff that props «his quavering limbs» becomes legs that he can barely move, «высохшие, трясущиеся»; «Alms!» becomes «просил милостыню». The toothless old man is in Tolstoy's Confession (1882) too. In the article the old man is the first sight and is only «совершенно расслабленного от старости»; Tolstoy puts him second and has him come up to the chariot «немного дальше».

20
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
Channa! what thing is this who seems a man, Yet surely only seems, being so bowed, So miserable, so horrible, so sad?
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's «what thing is this who seems a man ... being so bowed, So miserable» becomes «Это тоже больной?», a question that follows from Tolstoy's putting the old man after the sick man.

21
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
This is no other than an aged man.
Source text: gutenberg.org
Related · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
These are the symptoms of old age.
Source text: archive.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's «This is no other than an aged man» (Carus: «These are the symptoms of old age»).

22
Tolstoy’s own words .
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
Царевич, от которого до сих пор скрыта была старость, удивляется и выспрашивает возницу, что это такое …
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Tolstoy's own question (as at W.9 and W.33). In his Confession (1882) the prince, who has never seen old age, «выспрашивает возницу, что это такое».

23
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
Some fourscore years ago his back was straight, His eye bright, and his body goodly: now The thievish years have sucked his sap away, …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Related · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
This same man was once a suckling child, and as a youth full of sportive life ; …
Source text: archive.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Channa's account in Arnold (once straight, bright-eyed, and goodly, now sapped by «The thievish years») and in Carus (once a suckling child and a lively youth) reduced to «Значит: состарился».

24
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
Finds he no food that so his bones jut forth? What woe hath happened to this piteous one?
Source text: gutenberg.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
… и отчего этот человек пришел в такое жалкое, отвратительное, безобразное состояние?
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's «What woe hath happened to this piteous one?», in the words of Tolstoy's Confession (1882), where the prince asks why the man has come to such a state: «Отчего же это сделалось?».

25
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
… but now, as years have passed away, his beauty is gone and the strength of his life is wasted.
Source text: archive.org
Related · The Light of Asia
The thievish years have sucked his sap away, Pillaged his strength and filched his will and wit; …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's «as years have passed away» and Arnold's «thievish years» reduced to «Жил долго».

26
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
"But shall this come to others, or to all, Or is it rare that one should be as he?"
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's «But shall this come to others, or to all, Or is it rare that one should be as he?». «Кто долго живет» comes from Channa's answer, «if they shall live so long» (W.26).

27
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
"Most noble," answered Channa, "even as he, Will all these grow if they shall live so long."
Source text: gutenberg.org
Original · Russian
Всякий раз возница его, по имени Чанна, говорил ему, что такова судьба всех людей.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's «even as he, Will all these grow if they shall live so long», which agrees with the article's single line for all three sights (the charioteer told him each time «что такова судьба всех людей»), reduced to «Со всеми».

28
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
"But," quoth the Prince, "if I shall live as long Shall I be thus; …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
… что ему, молодому царевичу, неизбежно предстоит то же самое …
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's «if I shall live as long Shall I be thus». Arnold's prince goes on to ask about Yasodhara and the palace girls; Tolstoy keeps only the prince himself, as in the Confession (1882).

29
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
"Yea, great Sir!" The charioteer replied.
Source text: gutenberg.org
Original · Russian
Всякий раз возница его, по имени Чанна, говорил ему, что такова судьба всех людей.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's «Yea, great Sir!» becomes «Со всеми то же», the article's «такова судьба всех людей».

30
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
"Turn back, and drive me to my house again! I have seen that I did not think to see."
Source text: gutenberg.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
… он не может уже ехать гулять и приказывает вернуться, чтоб обдумать это.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Arnold's «Turn back, and drive me to my house again!», the end of the prince's first outing in Arnold and of each outing in the Confession (1882). Arnold's «I have seen that I did not think to see» is left out.

31
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
The charioteer sped the horses on to escape the dreary sight when suddenly they were stopped in their fiery course.
Four persons passed by carrying a corpse ; …
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
… а в третий раз он наткнулся на разлагавшийся труп.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Related · The Light of Asia
… next the bier, Knit of four poles with bamboos interlaced, …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
… он видит, что несут что-то.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus: the charioteer drives the horses on to escape the sight of the sick man, «when suddenly they were stopped in their fiery course», and four men pass carrying a corpse. Tolstoy sets this «на выезде из города» and makes the corpse «что-то, похожее на человека», carried on a stretcher (Arnold: a bier of four poles); in the Confession (1882) the prince sees «что несут что-то». The article's «разлагавшийся труп» (a decaying corpse) is left out.

32
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
… asked the charioteer: "What is this they carry?
Source text: archive.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
— «Что это?» Мертвый человек.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's «What is this they carry?», in the words of the Confession (1882), «Что это?». Carus's streamers, flower garlands, and grieving followers are left out.

33
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
The charioteer replied : "That is a dead man : …
Source text: archive.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
— «Что это?» Мертвый человек.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's «That is a dead man»; the Confession (1882) answers «Мертвый человек».

34
Tolstoy’s own words .
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
— «Что значит мертвый?» — спрашивает царевич.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Tolstoy's own question, word for word from his Confession (1882): «Что значит мертвый?».

35
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
His body is stark ; his life is gone ; his thoughts are still ; his family and the friends who loved him now carry the corpse to the grave."
Source text: archive.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
Ему говорят, что сделаться мертвым значит сделаться тем, чем сделался этот человек.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's «his life is gone» becomes «жизнь кончилась»; the rest of Channa's answer (the stark body, the stilled thoughts, the family carrying him to the grave) is left out. In the Confession (1882) the answer is that to be dead is to become what this man has become.

36
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
Whereon lay, stark and stiff, feet foremost, lean, Chapfallen, sightless, hollow-flanked, a-grin, …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
— Царевич подходит к мертвому, открывает и смотрит на него.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

In the Confession (1882) the prince goes up to the dead man, uncovers him, and looks at him; here he gets down from the chariot and goes up to the bearers. Arnold's dead man, «stark and stiff ... sightless ... a-grin», becomes one with open, fixed, glassy eyes, bared teeth, and stiffened limbs. Arnold's funeral procession and pyre are left out.

37
Tolstoy’s own words .
Related · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
… this the only dead man," he asked, "or does the world contain other instances?
Source text: archive.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Tolstoy's own question, the third of its kind (W.13, W.23). Carus's prince asks instead whether this is the only dead man, and Arnold's whether this is the end that comes to all who live.

38
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
All over the world it is the same. He who begins life must end it. There is no escape from death.
Source text: archive.org
Related · The Light of Asia
"This is the end that comes To all," quoth Channa; …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
«И это удел всех людей? И со мною то же будет?
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's «All over the world it is the same. He who begins life must end it. There is no escape from death» (Arnold: «This is the end that comes To all») reduced to «Смерть пришла. Все умирают».

39
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
… sad sights had made on the prince, turned his horses and drove back to the city.
Source text: archive.org
Related · The Light of Asia
Channa! lead home again! It is enough I mine eyes have seen enough!"
Source text: gutenberg.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
— «Назад! Я не еду гулять, и никогда не поеду больше».
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

In Carus the charioteer, seeing the impression the sights have made, turns the horses home; in Arnold the prince cries «Channa! lead home again!». Tolstoy's prince repeats «Все умирают» and rides home with his head bowed. Carus's exclamation on worldly men's delusion, Arnold's long lament over the suffering world, and the meeting with Kisa Gotami on the way back are left out.

40
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Siddhartha sat down beneath the great jambu-tree …
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Все эти встречи заставили ум Гаутамы сильно работать: …
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Tolstoy’s own version · Исповедь
И он запирается один и обдумывает.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's prince sits down under the great jambu-tree in the garden, «pondering on life and death and the evils of decay»; Tolstoy's sits alone all day in a far corner of the garden. In the Confession (1882) he shuts himself up alone to think. The article's fourth sight, an ascetic, and the messenger who brings news of his son's birth, both of which come between the sights and the flight in the article, are left out.

41
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · joined by Tolstoy from several places .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
"What joy or pleasure can men take," he thought to himself, " when they know they must soon wither and pine away!
… that bind me to the world, and I will go out from my home to seek the way of salvation.
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
… он стал смотреть на все земные радости и надежды, как на суетные вещи, мечтал о тихой монастырской жизни и искал случая отдаться всецело воздержанию и размышлению.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Related · The Light of Asia
… yet there must be aid! For them and me and all there must be help!
Source text: gutenberg.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Joined from several places. How can men rejoice, knowing they must wither, is Carus's prince («What joy or pleasure can men take ... when they know they must soon wither and pine away!»); «Надо найти избавление ... И, когда найду, передам его людям» is Arnold's «yet there must be aid! For them and me and all there must be help!»; leaving home to seek it is Carus's «I will go out from my home to seek the way of salvation», and going «к пустынникам и мудрецам» takes the place of the article's ascetic, whose life he dreamed of («мечтал о тихой монастырской жизни»).

42
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Light of Asia
Then, lightly treading where those sleepers lay, Into the night Siddartha passed: …
Source text: gutenberg.org
Original · Russian
Спросив, кто стоит на страже, и узнав, что стоит его возница, он велел ему оседлать себе лошадь.
В то время как Чанна пошел исполнять его приказание, Гаутама открыл потихоньку дверь в ту комнату, где спала его жена Язодгара, окруженная цветами, положив руку на голову своего младенца.
Ему хотелось взять ребенка на руки, чтобы проститься с ним, но, боясь разбудить жену, он решил уйти не простившись и вернуться, когда ум его просветится и он сделается Буддой, то есть «просвещенным».
Гаутама ушел в полнолуние в июле месяце, в сопровождении одного Чанны, и отправился по белу свету бедным, бесприютным учеником и странником.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

From the article, with the child left out. In the article his son has just been born (he calls the news «новые крепкие оковы»), his wife sleeps with her hand on the infant's head, and he would take the child in his arms to say goodbye. Tolstoy has only the sleeping wife, whom he leaves «мысленно простившись». «Стараясь не разбудить спящих рабов и рабынь» is Arnold's «lightly treading where those sleepers lay», the palace women asleep. In the article Channa goes with him («в сопровождении одного Чанны»); Tolstoy's prince rides away «один». The order to open the gates is Tolstoy's.

43
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · joined by Tolstoy from several places .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
He learned their views of the transmigration of souls and of the law of karma ; …
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
После встречи с искусителем Гаутама ехал в продолжение целого дня до берегов реки Анома, где остановился, мечом срезал себе длинные кудри, снял богатые одежды и послал их обратно в Капилавасту.
Он примкнул сначала к брамину, по имени Алора, а потом к другому, по имени Удрака, от которого выучился всему, чему учила в то время индийская философия.
Не удовлетворившись этим учением, он удалился в дремучие леса Урувелы, и прожил там шесть лет с пятью верными учениками, в суровом посте и самоистязаниях, до тех пор, пока слава об нем, как об аскете, разнеслась по всему свету, …
Все прежние искушения с новою силою вернулись к нему.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Condensed from the article, with the Brahmans' teaching from Carus. The article: he cut off his locks with his sword and sent his rich clothes back to Kapilavastu; he joined the Brahman Alara and then Udraka and learned all that Indian philosophy then taught; dissatisfied, he went into the forests of Uruvela and lived there six years with five faithful disciples, fasting and mortifying himself, until his fame as an ascetic spread through the world; and all the old temptations returned to him. Carus: from Alara and Uddaka he learned «their views of the transmigration of souls and of the law of karma», how bad men are reborn in low castes, in animals, or in hell; Tolstoy has the soul pass «в высшее или низшее существо». Tolstoy's own: the exchange of clothes «с встретившимся монахом», the one unnamed Brahman, half a year with the Brahmans, «понял это учение, но не принял его», the famous hermit-teachers in the forest (the article's five disciples), the disciples who gather and praise him, the wish to go home to his father and wife (the article's «сладость домашнего очага и любви»), and his leaving his admirers for a place where no one knew him (in the article his disciples leave him). Mara, King Bimbisara, and his fainting from fasting are left out.

44
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
Original · Russian
Вскоре после этого, если только не в тот же день, когда ученики покинули его, он направился к берегам Наиранджара и сел под тенью громадного дерева, известного с этого времени под названием дерева Бо, или священного дерева (Ficus religiosa).
Тут он просидел весь день, борясь с собой и раздумывая, что ему делать.
В голове у него все стало ясно, и он сделался Буддой, то есть просвещенным.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

The article's river Nairanjara, the Bo tree, and the day of doubt and temptation ending at sunset are reduced to «когда он сидел под деревом ... ему вдруг открылось то, чего он искал». The path of salvation «в четырех истинах» joins the enlightenment to the four truths, which the article gives later, in his first teaching to the five former disciples near Benares.

45
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
Original · Russian
Основные положения буддизма выражаются в очень старинной формуле, составленной, вероятно, его основателем и называющейся «четырьмя великими истинами».
Вот они: 1) несчастия всегда сопутствуют жизни; 2) источник всего бытия лежит в страстях или похоти; 3) избавиться от бытия можно, только уничтожив похоть; 4) достигнуть этого можно, поднимаясь по следующим четырем ступеням в Нирвану.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

The article's truths are about existence: misfortunes always attend life; «источник всего бытия лежит в страстях или похоти»; «избавиться от бытия можно, только уничтожив похоть»; and this is reached by four steps into Nirvana. Tolstoy's are about suffering: «все люди подвержены страданиям»; «причина страданий — страсти»; to be rid of suffering one must destroy the passions in oneself; and for that «нужно четыре дела». Existence («бытие»), lust («похоть»), and Nirvana are gone.

46
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
Original · Russian
Первая ступень состоит в пробуждении сердца.
Вторая ступень состоит в освобождении от нечистых помыслов и мстительности.
Чтобы достигнуть третьей ступени, верующий должен отделаться от всех злых желаний, от незнания, сомнения, ереси, недоброжелательства и раздражительности.
Венцом всего здания жизни, по мнению Будды, должно быть всеобщее милосердие.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

The four steps. The first, «пробуждение сердца», is kept (the article explains it as learning «великую тайну скорби» and turning to the Buddha). The second, release «от нечистых помыслов и мстительности», becomes «очищение мыслей». The third, release from evil desires, ignorance, doubt, heresy, ill-will, and irritability, is cut to the last two. The fourth, which the article calls «всеобщее милосердие», the crown of the building of life, becomes «пробуждение в себе любви не только к людям, но ко всему живому».

47
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
Original · Russian
Умерщвлять свою плоть различными лишениями представляется, по учению Будды, вполне излишним; главное внимание должно быть обращено на очищение души от дурных помыслов, ибо чистому сердцу открыт весь мир и все добрые дела.
Истинное просвещение, истинная свобода заключается только в любви.
Верующий, проникнутый любовью, достиг последней ступени; он порвал цепи незнания, страсти и греха, и тем самым избавил свою душу от переселения, приблизился к Нирване и стал вне законов материального бытия; …
… тайны будущей и прошлой жизни открыты ему, и он навеки освобождается от рождения с его последствиями — разрушением и смертью.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Condensed and changed. «Умерщвлять свою плоть ... вполне излишним» and the purification of the soul from evil thoughts are kept. «Истинное просвещение, истинная свобода» becomes «Истинное же освобождение». The believer «проникнутый любовью» becomes the man «заменивший любовью свои похотливые желания». Of the chains «незнания, страсти и греха», sin is dropped. Release from transmigration, nearness to Nirvana, and freedom «от рождения с его последствиями — разрушением и смертью» become release «от страдания и смерти». The article's next sentence, that no Buddhist hopes to reach this step on earth, is left out.

48
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
Original · Russian
Окружающие думали, что он умер, но он оправился и с этих пор прекратил свои истязания и начал вести правильную жизнь.
С этой ночи он не считал самоумерщвление необходимым для веры и открыто говорил об этом.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

In the article he gave up his self-torment after fainting from it, before his enlightenment, and from the night of the enlightenment said openly that mortification was not needed. Tolstoy puts the end of his fasting after the teaching was revealed to him, and adds that he left the wilderness to go among the people and preach.

49
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · joined by Tolstoy from several places .
Original · Russian
В таком положении привязанность и расположение людей могли бы поддержать его, но друзья и ученики изменили ему и перешли к другим учителям.
Если прибавить к этому его страстную и глубокую веру в свое учение, то нечего удивляться тому, что пять бывших учеников его очень скоро примкнули к новому учению Будды.
Достоверно только одно, что новое вероучение должно было выдержать сильные преследования со стороны озлобленных браминов.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Joined from three places in the article: his disciples left him for other teachers (before the enlightenment); the five former disciples soon joined his new teaching; and the one thing certain, that the new faith had to bear «сильные преследования со стороны озлобленных браминов». The article gives his presence, his voice, and his faith as the reason they came back; «поняв его учение» is Tolstoy's. The name «Сидхарту-Будду» is Tolstoy's.

50
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Therefore, I give you these commandments : …
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Для мирян Будда оставил десять заповедей, а именно: не убивай, не воруй, не лги, не прелюбодействуй, не клевещи, не клянись, не болтай лишнего, не скаредничай, не сердись, не уклоняйся от истинной веры.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Related · Sutra in Forty-two Sections
眾生以十事為善,亦以十事為惡。身三、口四、意三。身三者:殺、盜、婬;口四者:兩舌、惡罵、妄言、綺語;意三者:嫉、恚、癡,
Source text: zh.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

The article's heading, changed: there the Buddha «оставил» ten commandments «для мирян», for lay people, beside the rule of the order; here he preaches them «народу». The ten that follow (W.50-W.59) are Carus's, in Carus's order and with his additions, and the article's only where it agrees with Carus. In Carus's revised edition (1896) the chapter is called «The Ten Commandments» and leads in with three sins of the body, four of the tongue, and three of the mind, from the Sutra in Forty-two Sections, sec. 4; Tolstoy leaves that out.

51
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Kill not, but have regard for life.
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Для мирян Будда оставил десять заповедей, а именно: не убивай, не воруй, не лги, не прелюбодействуй, не клевещи, не клянись, не болтай лишнего, не скаредничай, не сердись, не уклоняйся от истинной веры.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's first commandment, «Kill not, but have regard for life»; Tolstoy writes «жизнь всего живого», the life of all living things. The article's first is «не убивай».

52
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Steal not, neither do ye rob; but help everybody to be master of the fruits of his labor.
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Для мирян Будда оставил десять заповедей, а именно: не убивай, не воруй, не лги, не прелюбодействуй, не клевещи, не клянись, не болтай лишнего, не скаредничай, не сердись, не уклоняйся от истинной веры.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's second, «Steal not, neither do ye rob; but help everybody to be master of the fruits of his labor»: Tolstoy keeps the first two and turns the help into restraint, «не отнимай у людей произведения их труда». The article's second is «не воруй».

53
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Abstain from impurity, and lead a life of chastity.
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Для мирян Будда оставил десять заповедей, а именно: не убивай, не воруй, не лги, не прелюбодействуй, не клевещи, не клянись, не болтай лишнего, не скаредничай, не сердись, не уклоняйся от истинной веры.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's third, «Abstain from impurity, and lead a life of chastity», becomes «будь целомудренен и в мыслях и в жизни»: chastity in thought is Tolstoy's. The article has «не прелюбодействуй», and fourth, after «не лги»; Tolstoy follows Carus's order.

54
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Lie not, but be truthful. Speak the truth with discretion, fearlessly and in a loving heart.
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Для мирян Будда оставил десять заповедей, а именно: не убивай, не воруй, не лги, не прелюбодействуй, не клевещи, не клянись, не болтай лишнего, не скаредничай, не сердись, не уклоняйся от истинной веры.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records, first edition
Lie not, but be truthful, and speak the truth with discretion, not so as to do harm, but in a loving heart and wisely.
Source text: archive.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's fourth, «Lie not, but be truthful. Speak the truth with discretion, fearlessly and in a loving heart»; «with discretion» becomes «когда нужно». «Fearlessly» is in Carus's revised editions (the fourth, of 1896, and after); the first edition (1894) has «not so as to do harm, but in a loving heart and wisely», so Tolstoy read a revised edition. The article has only «не лги».

55
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Invent not evil reports, neither do ye repeat them. Carp not, but look for the good sides of your fellow-beings, so that you may with sincerity defend them against their enemies.
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Для мирян Будда оставил десять заповедей, а именно: не убивай, не воруй, не лги, не прелюбодействуй, не клевещи, не клянись, не болтай лишнего, не скаредничай, не сердись, не уклоняйся от истинной веры.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's fifth: «Invent not evil reports, neither do ye repeat them. Carp not, but look for the good sides of your fellow-beings, so that you may with sincerity defend them against their enemies». Tolstoy keeps the first sentence, «не говори дурного о людях и не повторяй того дурного, что говорят о людях», and leaves out the second. The article has «не клевещи».

56
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Swear not, but speak decently and with dignity.
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Для мирян Будда оставил десять заповедей, а именно: не убивай, не воруй, не лги, не прелюбодействуй, не клевещи, не клянись, не болтай лишнего, не скаредничай, не сердись, не уклоняйся от истинной веры.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's sixth, «Swear not, but speak decently and with dignity», cut to «не клянись», which is the article's word too.

57
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Waste not the time with gossip, but speak to the purpose or keep silence.
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Для мирян Будда оставил десять заповедей, а именно: не убивай, не воруй, не лги, не прелюбодействуй, не клевещи, не клянись, не болтай лишнего, не скаредничай, не сердись, не уклоняйся от истинной веры.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records, first edition
Waste not the time with empty words, but speak to the purpose or keep silence.
Source text: archive.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's seventh, «Waste not the time with gossip, but speak to the purpose or keep silence». The first edition (1894) had «empty words» for «gossip»; Tolstoy's «пустые речи» fits either. The article has «не болтай лишнего».

58
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Covet not, nor envy, but rejoice at the fortunes of other people.
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Для мирян Будда оставил десять заповедей, а именно: не убивай, не воруй, не лги, не прелюбодействуй, не клевещи, не клянись, не болтай лишнего, не скаредничай, не сердись, не уклоняйся от истинной веры.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's eighth, «Covet not, nor envy, but rejoice at the fortunes of other people»; «other people» becomes «ближнего», the neighbor. The article has «не скаредничай».

59
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Cleanse your heart of malice and cherish no hatred, not even against your enemies ; but embrace all living beings with kindness.
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Для мирян Будда оставил десять заповедей, а именно: не убивай, не воруй, не лги, не прелюбодействуй, не клевещи, не клянись, не болтай лишнего, не скаредничай, не сердись, не уклоняйся от истинной веры.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's ninth, «Cleanse your heart of malice and cherish no hatred, not even against your enemies; but embrace all living beings with kindness»: the enemies are dropped, and «all living beings» becomes «всех». The article has «не сердись».

60
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · shortened by Tolstoy .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Free your mind of ignorance and be anxious to learn the truth, especially in the one thing that is needed, lest you fall a prey either to scepticism or to …
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Для мирян Будда оставил десять заповедей, а именно: не убивай, не воруй, не лги, не прелюбодействуй, не клевещи, не клянись, не болтай лишнего, не скаредничай, не сердись, не уклоняйся от истинной веры.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's tenth, «Free your mind of ignorance and be anxious to learn the truth, especially in the one thing that is needed, lest you fall a prey either to scepticism or to errors», cut to «старайся понять истину». The article has «не уклоняйся от истинной веры». The Jubilee commentary (vol. 42) says the autograph read «познать истину» and that «понять» was a copyist's error printed in both editions, corrected in the Jubilee text; the tolstoy.ru FB2 of vol. 41 still reads «понять». «Познать» is the closer word for Carus's «learn the truth».

61
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · reworded by Tolstoy .
Original · Russian
Будда проповедовал в продолжение сорока пяти лет, не отходя далеко от Бенареса и проводя дождливое время года в домах, принадлежавших обществу буддистов.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

The article's forty-five years of preaching become «шестидесяти лет», a figure found neither in the article (where he dies at eighty, after leaving home at twenty-nine) nor in Carus. «Не отходя далеко от Бенареса» becomes «переходя из места в место»; the rainy seasons spent in the community's houses are left out.

62
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · joined by Tolstoy from several places .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
Walk as I have commanded you ; free yourself of the tangled net of sorrow.
Walk in the path with steadfast aim.
Decay is inherent in all component things, but the truth will remain forever …
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
После обеда старец отправился в Кузи-Нагару, но, пройдя немного, должен был остановиться и сказал: «Меня томит жажда». Его напоили и он пошел дальше, но около реки Кукушта принужден был снова остановиться.
Будда с учениками продолжал понемногу подвигаться вперед, и наконец они добрались до реки Хираниаваты; там Будда в последний раз отдохнул и долго говорил с Анандой о своем погребении и о тех правилах, которые последователи его не должны забывать после его смерти.
Ананда, слушая его, не мог сдержать себя, и, отойдя в сторону, заплакал; но Гаутама тотчас же послал за ним и стал утешать его, говоря, что он пойдет в Нирвану, и повторял: — «Полно, Ананда! Не плачь, не тревожься.
Ведь рано или поздно мы должны расстаться со всем, что нам дорого. Разве на этом свете есть что-нибудь вечное? Дорогие мои, — прибавил он, обращаясь к другим ученикам, — Ананда знает все, что следует сделать после моей смерти.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Related · Mahāparinibbāna Sutta
… vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā”ti.
Source text: raw.githubusercontent.com
Another translation · The Book of the Great Decease · T. W. Rhys Davids, 1881
Decay is inherent in all component things! Work out your salvation with diligence!
Source text: archive.org
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Joined from the article and Carus. From the article: the old teacher stops and says «Меня томит жажда», is given water, and goes on; at the river Hiraniavati (Tolstoy's «Харанеавата») he rests for the last time and speaks long with Ananda about his burial and the rules his followers must not forget; Ananda weeps aside and is sent for; and the consolation «Полно, Ананда! Не плачь, не тревожься ... Разве на этом свете есть что-нибудь вечное?», kept almost word for word (Tolstoy drops «Ведь» and adds «здесь»). The article's second stop at the river Kukushta and the meal at Chunda's are left out, and its «Дорогие мои» becomes «Друзья мои». After that the article has the Buddha say that Ananda knows what must be done after his death; Tolstoy puts in its place Carus's words to the Mallas, «Walk as I have commanded you; free yourself of the tangled net of sorrow. Walk in the path with steadfast aim» («живите так, как я учил вас. Освобождайтесь от опутывающей людей сети страстей. Идите по тому пути, который я указал вам»), and Carus's last words, «Decay is inherent in all component things, but the truth will remain forever! Work out your salvation with diligence!» («телесное всё разрушается, только истина неразрушима и вечна. В ней ищите спасение»). Carus's «but the truth will remain forever» is his own addition to the Pali last words, «vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādetha» (Rhys Davids: «Decay is inherent in all component things! Work out your salvation with diligence!»). «Пришла моя смерть. Помните без меня всё, что я говорил вам» is Tolstoy's, after the article's talk with Ananda about the rules not to be forgotten.

63
From «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 · close to the original .
What Tolstoy read · The Gospel of Buddha, According to Old Records
This was the last word of the Tathagata.
Source text: archive.org
Original · Russian
Последними словами его была просьба любить друг друга.
Source text: ru.wikisource.org
Related · Mahāparinibbāna Sutta
Ayaṁ tathāgatassa pacchimā vācā.
Source text: raw.githubusercontent.com
Details

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. «Буддизм», Brockhaus–Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, half-volume 8 (1891); with Edwin Arnold, The Light of Asia (1879), and Paul Carus, The Gospel of Buddha (1894).

Carus's «This was the last word of the Tathagata», after the last words Tolstoy took from him (W.61); the Pali has the same, «Ayaṁ tathāgatassa pacchimā vācā». The article says instead that his last words were a request to love one another («просьба любить друг друга»), and before that tells of the Brahman Subhadra admitted at night; both are left out, as is the death itself («К утру он скончался»). The first edition (1906) ended, by the Jubilee commentary's account of its manuscripts, with «тихо ушел из этой жизни».