The KuralКурал

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Tirukkural, ch. 13 (Self-control); taken from Conway's Sacred Anthology, Kural 129; Conway (1874) no. DCLXXXIII 'Self-control'.

Conway's sentence, faithfully, except that 'the wound burnt in by fire' becomes 'a wound from a firearm'. The saying is couplet 129 of the Tamil Kural (Drew and Lazarus's 1885 English has the same words), so 'Persian' is a mistake; in Conway the section before this one (no. DCLXXXII) is from the Persian Mainyo-i-Khard, and the margin of no. DCLXXXIII is illegible in the scan. The Tamil was not checked.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Tirukkural, ch. 36 (Knowledge of the True), couplets 353-355.

Three consecutive couplets, close to Drew's English in the 1885 edition: 'Heaven is nearer than earth to those men of purified minds who are freed from doubt' (the scan reads 'carth'); 'Even those who have all the knowledge which can be attained by the five senses, will derive no benefit from it, if they are without a knowledge of the true nature of things'; '(True) knowledge is the perception concerning every thing of whatever kind, that that thing is the true thing.' Tolstoy makes the last «понимание о том, что в этой вещи есть истинное существо» (understanding what in this thing is the true being). His Russian follows this translation word for word in 354, so it, or a book quoting it, was his source, as in November (11-19.1). Not in Conway or in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Tirukkural, ch. 36 (Knowledge of the True), couplets 357 and 356.

Two couplets in reverse order, the first changed in sense. Drew's 357: 'Let it not be thought that there is another birth for him whose mind having thoroughly considered (all it has been taught), has known the true being', that is, one who knows the true being will not be born again. Tolstoy writes «Пусть не думают, что для души есть другое рождение помимо познания истинного существа» (let no one think there is another birth for the soul besides knowing the true being): the knowing becomes the soul's only birth. Then 356, 'They, who in this birth have learned to know the true being, enter the road which returns not into this world' (the scan reads 'truce being' and 'cuter'), shortened to «Те, кто вступил на этот путь, уже не возвращаются» (those who have entered on this path return no more).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Tirukkural, ch. 35 (Renunciation), couplets 341 and 346.

Two couplets of the chapter on renunciation, joined: 'Whateverthing a man has renounced, by that thing, he cannot suffer pain' (341; the scan reads 'eannot'), and 'He who destroys the pride which says "I," "mine," will enter a world which is difficult even to the Gods to attain' (346). The first is close. In the second Tolstoy makes the future a past, «тот перешел в высший мир» (has passed into the higher world), and leaves out 'difficult even to the Gods to attain'.

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Tirukkural, ch. 21 (Dread of Evil Deeds), couplets 203-209.

Seven couplets of the Kural's chapter on the dread of evil deeds, in Drew's English of the 1885 Madras edition (which gave November's and May's Kural), rearranged and partly reworded. Line 1 is 203, close ('To do no evil even to enemies will be called the chief of all virtues'). Line 2 is 204, condensed: 'Even through forgetfulness meditate not the ruin of another. Virtue will meditate the ruin of him who thus meditates' becomes «Наверное погибает тот, кто обдумывает погибель другого» (surely he perishes who plots the ruin of another). Line 3 is 205 with a sentence added: 'Commit not evil, saying, "I am poor": if you do, you will become poorer still' becomes «Не делай зла. Бедность не может служить оправданием зла. Если будешь делать зло, станешь еще беднее» (do no evil; poverty cannot excuse evil; if you do evil you will become poorer still). Line 4 joins 207 and 208: 'However great be the enmity men have incurred they may still live. The enmity of sin will incessantly pursue and kill' and 'Destruction will dwell at the heels of those who commit evil even as their shadow that leaves them not' become «Люди могут избежать последствий злобы своих врагов, но никогда не избегнут последствий своих грехов. Эта тень их будет следовать по пятам их до тех пор, пока не погубит их» (men can escape the consequences of their enemies' malice, but never the consequences of their sins; this shadow will follow at their heels until it destroys them). Line 5 is 206, placed after 207-208 ('Let him not do evil to others who desires not that sorrows should pursue him'), and line 6 is 209 ('If a man love himself, let him not commit any sin however small'; the scan misreads its first words). Not in Conway or in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Tirukkural, ch. 58 (Kaṇṇōṭṭam), couplet 573; ch. 25 (Aruḷuṭaimai), couplets 241-244; Conway (1874), no. CCCLV, Kindness, p. 234.

Conway's 'Kindness', which opens with half of couplet 573 ('What is the use of eyes which possess no kindliness', Drew) and goes on with 241-244 of the chapter on grace, in Drew's English shortened; Tolstoy takes Conway's first five sentences closely. Conway: 'What is the value of eyes in which there is no kindness? Kindness is the real wealth. Property is owned alike by best and basest. Stand in the right path, consider, and be kind; though you may study perfectly the rules of many sects, kindness must gain your heaven. They will enter no region of darkness or grief whose mind is the abode of kindness. No evil that the soul dreads can come upon him who is kind and protects all creatures.' Tolstoy's changes: 'best and basest' becomes «и добрые и злые» (the good and the wicked); 'the rules of many sects' becomes «правила всех религиозных учений» (the rules of all religious teachings); 'kindness must gain your heaven' becomes «только доброта даст тебе благо» (only kindness will give you good); 'protects all creatures' becomes «служит всем существам» (serves all creatures). Conway's last four sentences (245, 248, 247, 249) are left out. The Tamil of 242 says that grace (aruḷ) is the one help, however many paths one examines; Drew's 'heavenly bliss' is the commentator's, and Conway's 'heaven' comes from it. The Tamil of the first sentence, couplet 573, is under Related. Not in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Tirukkural, ch. 34 (Instability), couplet 340.

Kural 340, the last couplet of the chapter on instability, close to Drew's English in the 1885 edition: 'It seems as if the soul, which takes a temporary shelter in a body, had not attained a home.' Tolstoy turns the surmise into a statement, «Душа не живет в теле, как в доме, а живет в нем, как в временном прибежище» (the soul does not live in the body as in a home, but lives in it as in a temporary shelter), keeping Drew's 'temporary shelter' (துச்சில், a lodging taken for a time). The Tamil asks whether the soul has yet found no home of its own (புக்கில் அமைந்தின்று கொல்லோ), that it stays in the body as a lodger. As in May (5-18.1) and November (11-19.1), this translation, or a book quoting it, was probably Tolstoy's source; the couplet was not found in Conway's Sacred Anthology or in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903).

The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Tirukkural, ch. 32 (Not doing evil), couplets 311-315, 319.

Couplets 311-315 of ch. 32 in order, close to this 1885 English (Tolstoy drops 'to forget both the evil and the good'). The last sentence ('if a man in the morning wishes to do evil to another, in the evening evil will visit him') is couplet 319, which could not be checked in this edition. Tolstoy quoted the same couplets in 'Letter to a Hindu' (1908). The Tamil original was not checked.