Herbert SpencerГерберт Спенсер
5 passagesотрывков: 5
Each date opens its day beside the list, with these passages marked.Каждая дата открывает свой день рядом со списком, где отрывки этого автора отмечены.
2. Если предположить, что вся обитаемая земля может быть собственностью землевладельцев и что они имеют право на ее поверхность, то все неземлевладельцы не имеют на нее права. Так что неземлевладельцы могут существовать на земле только под условием согласия на то землевладельцев. Они получают право на место, занимаемое их ногами, только под условием согласия на то землевладельцев. Так что если бы эти не пожелали дать им места, они должны бы были быть свержены с земного шара.
2. If we suppose that the whole habitable earth may be the property of landowners, and that they have a right to its surface, then all the landless have no right to it. So the landless can exist on the earth only on condition that the landowners consent. They receive the right to the place their feet occupy only on condition that the landowners consent. So that if the landowners were unwilling to give them room, they would have to be cast off the globe.
From Social Statics · shortened by Tolstoy (more).
Herbert Spencer’s own wordsEquity, therefore, does not permit property in land.
… habitable globe to be so enclosed, it follows that if the landowners have a valid right to its surface, all who are not landowners, have no right at all to its surface. Hence, such can exist on the earth by sufferance only. They are all …
… trespassers. Save by the permission of the lords of the soil, they can have no room for the soles of their feet. Nay, should the others think fit to deny them a resting-place, these landless men might equitably be expelled from the earth altogether.
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Social Statics (London, John Chapman, 1851), ch. IX 'The Right to the Use of the Earth', §2, pp. 114-115.
Close but shortened: Tolstoy leaves out 'They are all trespassers' and 'equitably', and renders 'by sufferance only' as 'only on condition that the landowners consent', which he repeats for 'room for the soles of their feet'. 'Supposing the entire habitable globe to be so enclosed' becomes 'if we suppose that all the habitable earth can be the property of landowners'. The passage is in the first edition: Spencer left it out of the abridged and revised Social Statics of 1892 (checked in archive.org socialstaticsab04spengoog). The Jubilee list of Tolstoy's sources names Crosby's Earth for All Calendar, a calendar of readings on the land question, where Tolstoy may have found this and the other land thoughts of January 30; no copy of it was found online.
9. Нет такой политической алхимии, посредством которой можно бы было получить золотое поведение из свинцовых инстинктов.
9. There is no political alchemy by which you can get golden conduct out of leaden instincts.
From The Coming Slavery, in The Man versus the State · close to the original (more).
Tolstoy’s version, in EnglishThere is no political alchemy by which one could get golden conduct out of leaden instincts.
Herbert Spencer’s own wordsIt is a delusion.
The defective natures of citizens will show themselves in the bad acting of whatever social structure they are arranged into.
There is no political alchemy by which you can get golden conduct out of leaden instincts.
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. The Coming Slavery, in The Man versus the State (1884), the essay's last sentence before its Note; New York: D. Appleton, 1884, p. 53.
A close translation, word for word: 'There is no political alchemy by which you can get golden conduct out of leaden instincts' (Нет такой политической алхимии, посредством которой можно бы было получить золотое поведение из свинцовых инстинктов). It closes Spencer's argument that 'an ill-working humanity' cannot be 'framed into well-working institutions'. The sentence was widely quoted, by Henry Drummond in The Programme of Christianity (1891) among others (archive.org full text, read, not saved); Tolstoy's route to it was not found. The Jubilee name index identifies «Спенсер Герберт (1820—1903)» on this page (vol. 41, p. 449). Faithful to the English: printable offered.
Translation note. Tolstoy kept the author’s words closely, so the author’s own English is printed here (ruling 1); Tolstoy’s Russian, translated, is in the source panel.
2. Простая справедливость не допускает права земельной собственности, потому что если одна часть земельной поверхности может справедливо быть собственностью одного лица и может быть удерживаема им для его личной выгоды и употребления, как вещь, на которую он имеет исключительное право, то и другие части земельной поверхности могут сделаться такой же собственностью, и возможно, что таковою сделается вся земельная поверхность, и потому земной шар сделается частной собственностью.
2. Simple justice does not admit the right of property in land, because if one portion of the earth’s surface may justly be the property of one individual and be held by him for his own private benefit and use, as a thing to which he has an exclusive right, then other portions of the earth’s surface may become property in the same way, and it is possible that the whole of the earth’s surface may become such property, and so the globe will become private property.
From Social Statics · close to the original (more).
Herbert Spencer’s own wordsEquity, therefore, does not permit property in land.
For if one portion of the earth's surface may justly become the possession of an individual, and may be held by him for his sole use and benefit, …
… then other portions of the earth's surface may be so held; and eventually the whole of the earth's surface may be so held; and our planet may thus lapse altogether into private hands.
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Social Statics (London, John Chapman, 1851), ch. IX 'The Right to the Use of the Earth', § 2, p. 114.
Close: the opening two sentences of § 2, which January's 1-30.2 continues (the dilemma that follows). 'Equity, therefore,' becomes 'Simple justice' (Простая справедливость): Tolstoy adds 'simple' and drops 'therefore', which ties the sentence to § 1. 'Eventually the whole of the earth's surface may be so held' becomes 'and it is possible that the whole of the earth's surface will become such property'; 'our planet may thus lapse altogether into private hands' becomes 'and therefore the globe will become private property'. Spencer left the passage out of the abridged and revised Social Statics of 1892 (January's 1-30.2). The Jubilee list of sources names Ernest Crosby's Earth for All Calendar, not found online, where Tolstoy may have found this and the other land thoughts of 17 September. No printable, for the added 'simple' and the dropped 'therefore'.
4. Нельзя утверждать, чтобы существующие права на землю были законны. Пусть тот, кто думает так, просмотрит хроники. Насилие, обман, власть, хитрость — вот те источники, из которых исходят эти права.
4. It cannot be maintained that the existing rights to land are legitimate. Let anyone who thinks so look through the chronicles. Violence, fraud, power, cunning — these are the sources from which these rights proceed.
From Social Statics · shortened by Tolstoy (more).
Herbert Spencer’s own wordsIt can never be pretended that the existing titles to such property are legitimate.
Should any one think so, let him look in the chronicles.
Violence, fraud, the prerogative of force, the claims of superior cunning — these are the sources to which those titles may be traced.
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Social Statics (London, John Chapman, 1851), ch. IX 'The Right to the Use of the Earth', § 3, p. 115.
Three consecutive sentences of § 3, the list shortened. 'It can never be pretended' becomes 'One cannot maintain' (Нельзя утверждать); 'titles to such property' becomes 'rights to land'. 'The prerogative of force, the claims of superior cunning' become two words, 'power, cunning' (власть, хитрость), so the list reads 'Violence, fraud, power, cunning'. 'The sources to which those titles may be traced' becomes 'the sources from which these rights come'. No printable.
1. Очень важно знать законы жизни; но знание, ведущее нас к самосовершенствованию, есть знание первейшей важности.
1. It is very important to know the laws of life; but the knowledge that leads us to self-perfection is knowledge of the first importance.
Probably from Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical · reworded by Tolstoy (more).
What changedKnowledge for “self-preservation” becomes knowledge for “self-perfection.” *
* Possibly Tolstoy’s misreading.
Spencer’s own words… it must be admitted that knowledge immediately conducive to self-preservation is of primary importance.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
A likely source, not certain. Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical (1861), ch. i 'What Knowledge is of Most Worth?', ch. i.
Not faithful: Spencer ranks knowledge 'conducive to self-preservation' first and stresses 'the laws of life'; Tolstoy's 'самосовершенствование' (self-perfection) changes his meaning — perhaps a misreading of 'self-preservation'.