25Augustавгуста · 25-е августа
Труд есть необходимое условие телесной жизни. Если бы Робинзон не работал, он бы замерз и умер с голода. Это видит всякий. Но то, что труд есть необходимое условие духовной жизни, не все видят, хотя это так же несомненно, как необходимость труда для тела.
Labor is a necessary condition of bodily life. If Robinson Crusoe had not worked, he would have frozen and died of hunger. Everyone sees this. But not everyone sees that labor is a necessary condition of spiritual life, though this is as certain as the necessity of labor for the body.
Translation note. Russian calls Robinson Crusoe by his first name alone, «Робинзон».
1. Отделение себя от ручного труда не может быть без потери силы и истины даже для пророков. Я не сомневаюсь, что ошибки и пороки нашей литературы и философии, — их излишняя утонченность, женственность, меланхоличность, — должны быть приписаны ослабленным и болезненным привычкам литературного сословия. Пускай книга будет не так хороша, но только бы тот, кто делает книгу, был бы способнее и лучше и не был бы, как видим мы теперь, смешным контрастом тому, что он пишет.
1. There can be no separating oneself from manual labor without a loss of strength and truth, even for prophets. I have no doubt that the faults and vices of our literature and philosophy — their excessive refinement, effeminacy, melancholy — must be ascribed to the weakened and sickly habits of the literary class. Let the book be less good, if only the one who makes the book were abler and better, and were not, as we now see, a laughable contrast to what he writes.
From Man the Reformer · close to the original .
Emerson’s own wordsYet I will suggest that no separation from labor can be without some loss of power and of truth to the seer himself; that, I doubt not, the faults and vices of our literature and philosophy, their too great fineness, effeminacy, and melancholy, are attributable to the enervated and sickly habits of the literary class.
Better that the book should not be quite so good, and the bookmaker abler and better, and not himself often a ludicrous contrast to all that he has written.
Source text: gutenberg.orgTolstoy’s own version · На каждый деньОтделение себя от ручного труда не может быть без потери умственной силы, способности понимать истину.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Man the Reformer (lecture, Boston, 25 January 1841), in Nature, Addresses, and Lectures, On the scholar's exemption from manual labor, after the Egyptian 'two pairs of eyes'.
Close, with two small changes. 'No separation from labor can be without some loss of power and of truth to the seer himself' becomes 'separating oneself from manual labor cannot be without loss of power and truth even for prophets' (даже для пророков): Emerson's 'the seer himself', the scholar who stands apart, becomes 'even prophets'. 'Not himself often a ludicrous contrast' becomes 'not, as we now see, a ludicrous contrast' (как видим мы теперь). The rest follows Emerson clause by clause: 'their too great fineness, effeminacy, and melancholy' (их излишняя утонченность, женственность, меланхоличность), 'the enervated and sickly habits of the literary class' (ослабленным и болезненным привычкам литературного сословия). Emerson's 'labor' in this lecture is manual labor, so «ручного труда» is his sense. No printable, because of the two changes. In На каждый день (January 9) Tolstoy rewrote the first sentence again: 'without loss of mental power, of the ability to understand truth' (без потери умственной силы, способности понимать истину). The saved text is Miscellanies; Embracing Nature, Addresses, and Lectures (Boston: Phillips, Sampson, 1856).
2. Ручная работа есть изучение внешнего мира.
Выгоды богатства остаются у того, кто производит богатство, а не у того, кто его получает даром.
Когда я иду в мой сад с лопатою и копаю грядку, я чувствую такую радость и прилив здоровья, что всегда думаю: зачем это я всё это время лишал себя этого счастья, позволяя другим делать за меня то, что я мог бы сделать своими руками? Но это не только дело удовольствия, здоровья, но и воспитания.
Мне всегда стыдно перед моим дроворубом, моим пахарем, моим поваром, потому что у них есть способность удовлетворять самим себе и без моей помощи провести и день и год; я же завишу от них и не заслужил права владения моими руками и ногами.
2. Manual work is the study of the outer world.
The benefits of wealth remain with the one who produces the wealth, and not with the one who receives it for nothing.
When I go into my garden with a spade and dig a bed, I feel such joy and such a surge of health that I always think: why have I all this time deprived myself of this happiness, letting others do for me what I could have done with my own hands? But this is a matter not only of pleasure, of health, but also of education.
I am always ashamed before my woodcutter, my plowman, my cook, because they have the ability to provide for themselves and to get through both a day and a year without my help; while I depend on them and have not earned the right to possess my hands and feet.
From Man the Reformer · joined by Tolstoy from several places .
Emerson’s own wordsManual labor is the study of the external world. The advantage of riches remains with him who procured them, not with the heir.
When I go into my garden with a spade, and dig a bed, I feel such an exhileration and health, that I discover that I have been defrauding myself all this time in letting others do for me what I should have done with my own hands.
But not only health, but education is in the work.
… but now I feel some shame before my wood-chopper, my ploughman, and my cook, for they have some sort of self-sufficiency, they can contrive without my aid to bring the day and year round, but I depend on them, and have not earned by use a right to my arms and feet.
Source text: gutenberg.orgTolstoy’s own version · На каждый деньРучная работа есть изучение внешнего мира.
Выгоды богатства остаются у того, кто производит богатство, а не у того, кто его получает даром.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Man the Reformer (lecture, Boston, 25 January 1841), in Nature, Addresses, and Lectures, Two places on the same page, on manual labor as education: 'Manual labor is the study of the external world', and 'now I feel some shame before my wood-chopper'.
Joined from two places a few sentences apart. The first three paragraphs are consecutive sentences in Emerson; the fourth comes after a passage on the trader who 'intercepted the sugar of the sugar'. Changes: 'him who procured them, not with the heir' becomes 'him who produces wealth, not with him who receives it for nothing' (а не у того, кто его получает даром); 'I discover that I have been defrauding myself all this time in letting others do for me' becomes 'I always think: why have I all this time deprived myself of this happiness, letting others do for me' (зачем это я всё это время лишал себя этого счастья); 'not only health, but education is in the work' becomes 'it is not only a matter of pleasure and health, but of education too'; 'I feel some shame before' becomes 'I am always ashamed before' (Мне всегда стыдно перед); 'some sort of self-sufficiency' becomes 'the ability to satisfy themselves'; 'not earned by use a right to my arms and feet' becomes 'not earned the right to possess my hands and feet'. No printable, because the passage is joined and reworded.
3. Кто не хочет трудиться, тот и не ешь.
3. Whoever will not work, let him not eat either.
From 2 Thessalonians · close to the original .
The Russian Bible (Synodal translation)Ибо когда мы были у вас, то завещевали вам сие: если кто не хочет трудиться, тот и не ешь.
Source text: ru.wikisource.orgIn English · King James Version, 1611For even when we were with you, this we commanded you, that if any would not work, neither should he eat.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. 2 Thessalonians, 3:10.
The command alone, from the Synodal text: «Кто не хочет трудиться, тот и не ешь» (who will not work, let him not eat) for «если кто не хочет трудиться, тот и не ешь» (if any will not work, let him not eat), without the frame "For even when we were with you, this we commanded you". Not in Thoughts of Wise Men (1903).
4. Тот, кто ничего не делает, делает дурное.
4. Whoever does nothing does wrong.
Translation note. The Russian italic is broken only at the comma; it is set here as one span.
5. У того, кто ничего не делает, всегда много помощников.
Мозг ленивого есть любимое место пребывания дьявола.
5. Whoever does nothing always has many helpers.
The brain of a lazy person is the devil’s favorite dwelling place.
6. Природа не знает остановки в своем движении и казнит всякую бездеятельность.
6. Nature knows no halt in its movement and punishes all inactivity.
From Die Natur. Fragment · reworded by Tolstoy .
Not in Leo Tolstoy as EditorThe change from Nature’s own ceaseless change to a curse on all “inaction” is in Southgate’s English, “Nature knows no pause in progress and development, and attaches her curse on all inaction,” which Tolstoy translated closely.
What Tolstoy read · Many Thoughts of Many MindsNature knows no pause in progress and . development, and attaches her curse on all inaction.
Source text: archive.orgOriginal · GermanEs iſt ein ewiges Leben, Werden und Bewegen in ihr, und doch rückt ſie nicht weiter.
Sie verwan— delt ſich ewig, und iſt kein Moment Stilleſtehen in ihr.
Für's Bleiben hat ſie keinen Begriff, und ihren Fluch hat ſie an's Stilleſtehen gehängt.
Source text: archive.orgIn English · T. H. Huxley, 1869Incessant life, development, and movement are in her, but she advances not.
She changes for ever and ever, and rests not a moment.
Quietude is inconceivable to her, and she has laid her curse upon rest.
Source text: en.wikisource.orgRelated · Goethe, Erläuterung zu dem aphoristischen Aufsatz „Die Natur“Daß ich dieſe Betrachtungen verfaßt, kann ich mich factiſch zwar nicht erinnern, allein ſie ſtimmen mit den Vorſtellungen wohl überein, zu denen ſich mein Geiſt damals ausgebildet hatte.
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Die Natur. Fragment (Tiefurter Journal, 1780s), Goethes Werke, Weimar edition, II. Abt., vol. 11 (1893), p. 6; Southgate, Many Thoughts of Many Minds (1862), heading “INACTION —Curse on”; Huxley's English in Nature, vol. 1, no. 1 (4 November 1869).
Southgate's English line, closely, which is itself a free condensation of two sentences of the fragment “Die Natur”. The fragment says of Nature: “Sie verwandelt sich ewig, und ist kein Moment Stillestehen in ihr. Für's Bleiben hat sie keinen Begriff, und ihren Fluch hat sie an's Stillestehen gehängt” (she transforms herself eternally, and there is not a moment's standing still in her; she has no notion of remaining, and she has hung her curse on standing still). Southgate: “Nature knows no pause in progress and development, and attaches her curse on all inaction” (intermediary). Tolstoy: «Природа не знает остановки в своем движении и казнит всякую бездеятельность» (Nature knows no halt in her motion and punishes all inactivity). The change from Nature's own ceaseless change to a curse on human “inaction” (“Stillestehen”, standing still, becomes Southgate's “inaction” and Tolstoy's «бездеятельность») was made in the English Tolstoy read; Tolstoy's own changes are «в своем движении» (in her motion) for “in progress and development” and «казнит» (punishes, literally executes) for “attaches her curse on”. Authorship: the fragment appeared in the handwritten Tiefurter Journal; in 1828, when a copy from Duchess Anna Amalia's papers, in a hand he had employed in the 1780s, was sent to him, Goethe wrote that he could not remember writing it but that it agreed with his ideas of that time (related), and the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie's article on Georg Christoph Tobler points to Tobler's share in it. Huxley's English (1869) translates the German closely.
Стыдиться можно не какой-либо самой нечистой работы, а только самого нечистого из нечистых нравственного состояния — телесной праздности, неизбежно соединенной с пользованием трудами других людей.
We can be ashamed not of any work, however dirty, but only of the dirtiest of all dirty moral states — bodily idleness, which is inevitably bound up with using the labors of other people.
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