30Mayмая · 30-е мая
Земля так же мало может быть предметом купли и продажи, как и личность человека. Продажа и покупка земли есть только скрытая продажа личности.
Land can no more be an object of purchase and sale than the human person can. The sale and purchase of land is only a hidden sale of the person.
1. Сущность рабства заключается в предоставлении одному человеку власти брать труд другого, не вознаграждая его. Частная собственность на землю предоставляет эту власть в такой же мере, как и право собственности на раба. Рабовладелец должен оставлять своему рабу из добываемого его трудом столько, сколько тому требуется для жизни. И разве более этого получает огромная масса рабочих в так называемых свободных странах.
1. The essence of slavery is in empowering one man to obtain the labor of another without recompense. Private property in land does this as fully as chattel slavery. The slave owner must leave to the slave enough of his earnings to enable him to live. Are there not in so called free countries great bodies of workingmen who get no more?
From The Condition of Labor: An Open Letter to Pope Leo XIII · close to the original .
Tolstoy’s version, in EnglishThe essence of slavery lies in giving one man the power to take the labor of another without recompensing him. Private property in land gives this power to the same degree as the right of property in a slave. The slaveholder must leave his slave, out of what is gained by the slave’s labor, as much as the slave needs to live. And surely the vast mass of workers in the so-called free countries receives no more than this.
Henry George’s own wordsThe essence of slavery is in empowering one man to obtain the labor of another without recompense.
Private property in land does this as fully as chattel slavery.
The slave owner must leave to the slave enough of his earnings to enable him to live.
Are there not in so called free countries great bodies of workingmen who get no more ?
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. The Condition of Labor: An Open Letter to Pope Leo XIII (1891), p. 29 (New York: United States Book Company, 1891), the paragraph comparing private property in land with property in slaves.
Close, sentence by sentence. 'In empowering one man to obtain the labor of another without recompense' becomes 'in giving one man the power to take the labor of another without rewarding him'; 'as fully as chattel slavery' becomes 'to the same degree as the right of property in a slave'; 'enough of his earnings to enable him to live' becomes 'as much of what his labor produces as he needs for life'; 'great bodies of workingmen' becomes 'the huge mass of workers' (огромная масса рабочих), and George's question stays a question. Tolstoy stops before George's next question, on the farm laborers of Italy and England. The Jubilee list of the Circle's sources names S. D. Nikolaev's Russian translations of George; which of them holds this letter was not checked. The day's land thoughts (George, Marmontel, Emerson, Grant Allen, and Ruskin) may have come together from Ernest Crosby's The Earth for All Calendar, also on the list and not found on archive.org. George's four sentences are printed here.
Translation note. Tolstoy kept the author’s words closely, so the author’s own English is printed here (ruling 1); Tolstoy’s Russian, translated, is in the source panel.
2. Земля есть торжественный дар, который природа сделала человеку; рождение каждого есть право на владение землею. Право это так же естественно, как право ребенка на грудь своей матери.
2. Land is a solemn gift that nature has made to man; the birth of each person is a right to the possession of land. This right is as natural as a child’s right to its mother’s breast.
Source not found yet .
Not found yet.
Not found. No passage like «Земля есть торжественный дар, который природа сделала человеку; рождение каждого есть право на владение землею» was found in the works of Marmontel searched or in the saved anthologies. The Jubilee name index gives only this entry for Marmontel in the Circle, with no source.
Searched: Marmontel's Bélisaire (1867 printing) and Les Incas (1847) on archive.org, for 'sein de sa mère', 'mamelle', 'don', 'titre de possession', 'droit à la terre'; Boiste's Dictionnaire universel (1851), which quotes Marmontel often; the saved anthologies of Southgate, Coit, Tileston, Conway, Crosby, Williams, Grave, Henry George, and The World's Advance-Thought; Wikisource and web searches for 'don solennel' and for Marmontel with 'la terre', 'naissance' and 'sein de sa mère'.
3. Так как я рожден для земли, то земля и дана мне для того, чтобы брать из нее, что мне нужно для обработки и посадки, и я имею право требовать себе свою долю.
3. Since I was born for the earth, the earth has been given me so that I may take from it what I need for tilling and planting, and I have the right to claim my share.
From The Conservative, a lecture delivered at the Masonic Temple, Boston, 9 December 1841 · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changed“Nor could I, without pusillanimity, omit to claim so much” becomes “I have the right to claim my share”: Emerson’s speaker would be a coward not to claim it, Tolstoy’s has a right to it.
Emerson’s own wordsAll your aggregate existences are less to me a fact than is my own; as I am born to the earth, so the Earth is given to me, what I want of it to till and to plant; nor could I, without pusillanimity, omit to claim so much.
Source text: gutenberg.orgTolstoy’s own version · Путь жизниТак как я рожден для земли, то земля и дана мне для того, чтобы брать из нее, что мне нужно, для обработки и посадки, и я имею право требовать себе свою долю.
Покажите же мне, где она?
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. The Conservative, a lecture delivered at the Masonic Temple, Boston, 9 December 1841, The reformer's answer to the conservative, the paragraph beginning 'Now you touch the heart of the matter, replies the reformer'; in Miscellanies, Embracing Nature, Addresses, and Lectures (Boston, 1856).
Reworded at the end. 'As I am born to the earth, so the Earth is given to me, what I want of it to till and to plant' is close; 'nor could I, without pusillanimity, omit to claim so much' becomes 'and I have the right to demand my share' (и я имею право требовать себе свою долю): Emerson's speaker would be a coward not to claim it, Tolstoy's has a right to it. Tolstoy leaves out the clause before, 'All your aggregate existences are less to me a fact than is my own'. The speaker is the reformer, answering the conservative. Tolstoy printed the same sentence in На каждый день (10 March, no. 9, Jubilee vol. 43) and, with a question added, 'Show me, then, where it is?' (Покажите же мне, где она?), in The Path of Life. No printable.
4. Человек в нашем обществе не может спать, не платя за то место, на котором он спит. Воздух, вода и солнечный свет принадлежат ему только на большой дороге. Единственное право, признанное за ним законом, — это ходить по этой большой дороге до тех пор, пока он не зашатается от усталости, потому что он не может остановиться, а должен ходить.
4. A man in our society cannot sleep without paying for the place where he sleeps. Air, water, and sunlight belong to him only on the highway. The only right the law recognizes as his is to walk along this highway until he staggers with exhaustion, because he cannot stop, but must keep walking.
From Individualism and Socialism, Contemporary Review, vol. 55, May 1889 · shortened by Tolstoy .
Grant Allen’s own wordsThe very air, the water, and the sunlight are only his in the public highway : nay more, even there, for a single day alone.
His one right, recognized by the law, is the right to walk along that highway till he reels With fatigue— for he must “ keep moving : ”
Source text: archive.orgIndividualism and Socialism, reprinted from the Contemporary Review in The Eclectic Maga…He cannot sleep without paying rent for the ground he sleeps on.
Source text: archive.orgTolstoy’s own version · Путь жизниЧеловек в нашем обществе не может спать, не платя за то место, на котором он спит.
Воздух, вода, солнечный свет принадлежат ему только на большой дороге.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Individualism and Socialism, Contemporary Review, vol. 55, May 1889, pp. 732–733 (the essay pp. 730–741), the paragraph on the young citizen born into a land already owned.
Shortened from one paragraph, with small changes. 'He cannot sleep without paying rent for the ground he sleeps on' becomes 'A man in our society cannot sleep without paying for the place on which he sleeps': Allen's 'he' is the young citizen born into an England whose soil is all owned, and Tolstoy names him. Tolstoy leaves out the next three sentences (on labor, on wood and stone, and on the fruits of the earth) and 'nay more, even there, for a single day alone'. 'The very air, the water, and the sunlight are only his in the public highway' is close ('only on the high road', только на большой дороге). 'Till he reels with fatigue—for he must "keep moving"' becomes 'until he staggers from fatigue, because he cannot stop but must walk', and Tolstoy stops before the magistrates and the charge of vagabondage. Both scans of the Contemporary Review garble the first sentence ('rent for' the^m|tid' v 'he'); the Eclectic Magazine's reprint of June 1889 (Edition) reads it clearly. Tolstoy printed the passage again in The Path of Life. The Jubilee name index calls Grant Allen (1848–1899) an American novelist; in this essay he writes as an Englishman, of English soil. No printable.
5. Тела мужчин и женщин, а тем более их души, не должны быть покупаемы или продаваемы, а также и земля, вода, воздух, потому что эти вещи — необходимые условия поддержания тел и душ людских.
5. The bodies of men and women, and still more their souls, must not be bought or sold, nor must land, water, or air, because these things are the necessary conditions for sustaining human bodies and souls.
From Time and Tide, by Weare and Tyne · close to the original .
John Ruskin’s own wordsBodies of men, or women, then (and much more, as I said before, their souls), must not be bought or sold.
Neither must land, nor water, nor air, these being the necessary sustenance of men's bodies and souls.
Source text: gutenberg.orgTolstoy’s own version · На каждый деньТела мужчин и женщин, а тем более их души не должны быть покупаемы или продаваемы. А если это так, то точно так же не должна быть продаваема земля, потому что это — вещь, необходимая для поддержания тел и душ людских.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Time and Tide, by Weare and Tyne (1867), Letter XXIII 'Of the Just Tenure of Lands' (20 April 1867), Letter XXIII, § 150.
A close translation of Ruskin's two sentences, made one. Ruskin's asides 'then' and 'as I said before' are left out, so no printable. 'Neither must land, nor water, nor air' becomes 'nor yet land, water, air' (а также и земля, вода, воздух); 'these being the necessary sustenance of men's bodies and souls' becomes 'because these things are the necessary conditions for sustaining men's bodies and souls'. Later Tolstoy narrowed it to land: On Every Day (11 June) and The Path of Life (ch. X, § II, no. 2) drop water and air and make the land a conclusion ('And if this is so, then land too must not be sold, because it is a thing necessary for sustaining men's bodies and souls').
6. Нельзя без большого греха участвовать в продаже, покупке, закреплении, управлении земельной собственностью.
6. One cannot without great sin take part in the sale, purchase, securing of title, or management of landed property.
Translation note. The Russian italic is broken only at the commas; it is set here as one span.
Люди стремятся в жизни не к тому, чтобы делать то, что они считают хорошим, а к тому, чтобы называть как можно больше вещей своими.
In life people strive not to do what they consider good, but to call as many things as possible their own.
Tolstoy TodayТолстой сегодня · tolstoytoday.org/may/30