23Marchмарта · 23-е марта
Земля, как воздух и солнце — достояние всех и не может быть предметом собственности.
The land, like the air and the sun, is the possession of all and cannot be an object of ownership.
1. Вы все странники в этом мире. Иди на север, юг, запад или восток, — везде, где ты остановишься, найдется человек, который прогонит тебя, говоря: «это моя земля». И, обойдя все страны мира, вы вернетесь, узнав, что нигде нет несчастного куска земли, где бы ваша жена могла родить, и где бы вы могли остановиться возделывать землю, и где ваши дети могли бы похоронить ваши кости.
1. You are all wanderers in this world. Go north, south, west, or east — wherever you stop, there will be a man who drives you away, saying: “This is my land.” And when you have gone around all the countries of the world, you will come back having learned that nowhere is there a wretched patch of ground where your wife could give birth, and where you could stop to till the soil, and where your children could bury your bones.
From Paroles d'un croyant · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changedThe patch of ground where you may rest after your labor, “reposer après votre labeur,” becomes one where “you could stop to till the soil”; “strangers” become “wanderers,” and “this field is mine” becomes “This is my land.”
Original · FrenchVous êtes dans ce monde comme des étrangers.
Allez au Nord et au Midi, à l’Orient et à l’Occident, en quelque endroit que vous vous arrêtiez, vous trouverez un homme qui vous en chassera, en disant : Ce champ est à moi.
Et après avoir parcouru tous les pays, vous reviendrez, sachant qu’il n’y a nulle part un pauvre petit coin de terre où votre femme en travail puisse enfanter son premier-né, où vous puissiez reposer après votre labeur, où, arrivé au dernier terme, vos enfants puissent enfouir vos os, comme dans un lieu qui soit à vous.
Source text: fr.wikisource.orgIn English · anonymous, 1834Ye are in the world as strangers.
Go to the north and the south, to the east and to the west, on whatever side you turn, you will find a man who will drive you away, saying, this field is mine.
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Paroles d'un croyant (1834), Chapter IX, the first paragraph.
The first paragraph of chapter IX, close except for one clause. 'Où vous puissiez reposer après votre labeur' (where you may rest after your labor) becomes «где бы вы могли остановиться возделывать землю» (where you could stay to till the land). 'Comme des étrangers' (as strangers) becomes «странники» (wanderers), 'Ce champ est à moi' (this field is mine) «это моя земля», and 'votre femme en travail puisse enfanter son premier-né' «ваша жена могла родить». Tolstoy leaves out 'comme dans un lieu qui soit à vous' and the next sentence, 'C'est là, certes, une grande misère'. He moves from «вы» to «ты» and back where Lamennais keeps 'vous'.
2. Бросить человека посреди Атлантического океана, сказав ему, что он волен идти на берег, было бы не большим издевательством над ним, чем помещение его на земле, сплошь захваченной в частную собственность, сказав ему при этом, что он — свободный человек, волен работать на себя и пользоваться своим заработком.
2. To throw a man into the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, telling him that he is free to go ashore, would be no greater mockery of him than to place him on land wholly seized as private property, telling him at the same time that he is a free man, free to work for himself and to enjoy his earnings.
From Social Problems · close to the original .
Henry George’s own wordsTo drop a man in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean and tell him he is at liberty to walk ashore, would not be more bitter irony than to place a man where all the land is appropriated as the property of other people and to tell him that he is a free man, at liberty to work for himself and to enjoy his own earnings.
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Social Problems (1883), ch. X 'The Rights of Man', Ch. X, on the English labourer declared a free man, p. 139 of the 1886 printing.
A close translation of one sentence. 'bitter irony' becomes 'mockery' (издевательством над ним); 'appropriated as the property of other people' becomes 'seized entirely as private property' (сплошь захваченной в частную собственность). The Jubilee list names S. D. Nikolaev's Russian, «Общественные задачи» (Posrednik, 1906). The saved text is the New York printing of 1886.
3. Незаконное право земельной собственности лишило больше, чем половину людей каждого народа их естественного наследия.
3. The unlawful right of landed property has deprived more than half the people of every nation of their natural inheritance.
From Agrarian Justice · shortened by Tolstoy .
Thomas Paine’s own wordsBut the landed monopoly that began with it has produced the greatest evil. It has dispossessed more than half the inhabitants of every nation of their natural inheritance, without providing for them, as ought to have been done, an indemnification for that loss, and has thereby created a species of poverty and wretchedness that did not exist before.
Source text: gutenberg.orgJ. Morrison Davidson, Concerning Four Precursors of Henry George and the Single Tax… but the Land Monopoly, that began with it, has produced the greatest evil.
It has dispossessed more than half the inhabitants of every nation of their natural inheritance, without providing for them, as ought to have been done, an indemnification for their loss …
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Agrarian Justice (1797), The paragraph on cultivation and the landed monopoly, before 'In advocating the case of the persons thus dispossessed'; in The Writings of Thomas Paine, ed. Moncure D. Conway, vol. III (1895).
Shortened to one clause, with its subject renamed. 'The landed monopoly' becomes 'the unlawful right of landed property' (незаконное право земельной собственности); 'has dispossessed more than half the inhabitants of every nation of their natural inheritance' is kept close; the rest of the sentence (no indemnification, and the poverty it created) is dropped. Davidson's Four Precursors (1902; its dedication is dated 10 November 1899) quotes the passage ('the Land Monopoly'), as it quotes Winstanley's of the same day (3-23.5); the Jubilee list of sources names neither Davidson nor a source for these, and names Ernest Crosby's Earth for All Calendar, which was not found online. No printable.
4. Поместите сто человек на острове, из которого нет выхода, и сделаете ли вы одного из этих людей полным властелином над остальными 99, или полным властелином земли всего острова, не будет никакой разницы.
4. Place one hundred men on an island from which there is no escape, and whether you make one of these men the absolute owner of the other ninety-nine, or the absolute owner of the soil of the island, will make no difference.
From Progress and Poverty · close to the original .
Tolstoy’s version, in EnglishPlace a hundred men on an island from which there is no way out, and whether you make one of these men the absolute master of the other 99 or the absolute master of the land of the whole island, there will be no difference at all.
Henry George’s own wordsPlace one hundred men on an island from which there is no escape, and whether you make one of these men the absolute owner of the other ninety-nine, or the absolute owner of the soil of the island, will make no difference either to him or to them.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Progress and Poverty (1879), Book VII, ch. II 'The Enslavement of Laborers the Ultimate Result of Private Property in Land', Book VII, ch. II, after the law of rent restated.
A close translation. Tolstoy stops at 'will make no difference', leaving out 'either to him or to them'; 'absolute owner' is 'full master' (полным властелином) both times. The Jubilee list names S. D. Nikolaev's Russian, «Прогресс и бедность».
Translation note. Tolstoy kept the author’s words closely, so the author’s own English is printed here (ruling 1); Tolstoy’s Russian, translated, is in the source panel.
5. Разве это не рабство, что хотя в Англии довольно земли, чтобы содержать в десять раз больше людей, чем теперь, все-таки многие должны просить милостыню у своих братьев, или тяжело работать за поденную плату, или умирать с голода, воровать, или быть повешенными, как люди, недостойные жить на земле.
5. Is it not slavery that, although there is land enough in England to maintain ten times as many people as now, many must still beg alms of their brothers, or work hard for day wages, or die of hunger, steal, or be hanged as men unworthy to live on the earth?
From The Law of Freedom in a Platform, or True Magistracy Restored · close to the original .
Gerrard Winstanley’s own wordsAnd is not this a slavery, say the People, That though there be Land enough in England, to maintain ten times as many people as are in it, yet some must beg of their brethren, or work in hard drudgery for day wages for them, or starve, or steal, and so be hanged out of the way, as men not fit to live in the earth, before they must be suffered to plant the waste land for their livelihood, unlesse they will pay Rent to their brethren for it?
Source text: github.comJ. Morrison Davidson, Concerning Four Precursors of Henry George and the Single TaxAnd is not this a slavery, say the people, that though there be land enough in England to maintain ten times as many people as are in it, yet some must beg of their brethren, or work in hard drudgery for day wages for them, or starve, or steal, and so be hanged out of the way, as men not fit to live on the earth?
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. The Law of Freedom in a Platform, or True Magistracy Restored (1652), The epistle dedicatory, 'To His Excellency Oliver Cromwel'.
Close for the words Tolstoy took, with one word changed: 'some must beg' becomes 'many must beg' (многие). 'Say the People' and 'for them' are dropped, 'and so be hanged out of the way, as men not fit to live in the earth' becomes 'or be hanged, as people unworthy to live on the earth', and Tolstoy stops before 'before they must be suffered to plant the waste land for their livelihood, unlesse they will pay Rent to their brethren for it'. The 1652 text is the EEBO-TCP transcription (CC0). J. Morrison Davidson's Four Precursors (1902) quotes the passage in modern spelling, ending at 'on the earth?', as it quotes Paine's of the same day (3-23.3); the Jubilee list names neither Davidson nor a source for these. Winstanley's words are printed here, from 'And is not this a slavery' to 'live in the earth'; the reviewer may prefer Tolstoy's version for 'many' in place of 'some'.
6. Право на собственность земли означает голод, жажду, отсутствие одежд, труд, потраченный даром, захват произведений готового труда, уничтожение домов, нищету, болезни, смерть родителей, детей, жен, отчаяние и одичание в сердцах бедных, когда законная сила поражает их в самые чувствительные и жизненные права человечества. Всё это заключается в праве земельной собственности.
6. The right to the ownership of land means hunger, thirst, want of clothing, labor spent in vain, the seizure of the products of labor already done, the destruction of homes, destitution, sickness, the death of parents, children, wives, despair and brutalization in the hearts of the poor, when the force of law strikes them in the most sensitive and vital rights of humanity. All this is contained in the right of landed property.
From Ireland: A Letter to Earl Grey · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changedThe “Land Question,” called so “by a somewhat heartless euphemism,” becomes “the right to the ownership of land,” and Manning’s close, that all this is contained in the land question, becomes “All this is contained in the right of landed property.”
Cardinal Manning’s own wordsBut the ‘ Land Question,’ as we call it, by a somewhat heartless euphemism, means hunger, thirst, nakedness, notice to quit, labour spent in vain, the toil of years seized upon, the breaking up of homes, the miseries, sicknesses, deaths, of parents, children, wives; the despair and wildness which spring up in the hearts of the poor when legal force, like a sharp harrow, goes over the most sensitive and vital rights of mankind.
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Ireland: A Letter to Earl Grey (1868), London: Longmans, Green, 1868, pp. 40-41, on the land question as the deepest cause of Irish discontent.
Changed in its subject. Manning writes of 'the "Land Question," as we call it, by a somewhat heartless euphemism': what the question means for the Irish poor. Tolstoy makes it 'the right to the ownership of land' (право на собственность земли), and Manning's close, 'All this is contained in the land question' (split by the page number in the scan, so not an excerpt), becomes 'All this is contained in the right of landed property'. 'Notice to quit' is dropped, 'the toil of years seized upon' becomes 'the seizure of the products of labour already done', 'the breaking up of homes' becomes 'the destruction of homes', 'the miseries, sicknesses' becomes 'poverty, disease', and 'when legal force, like a sharp harrow, goes over the most sensitive and vital rights of mankind' becomes 'when legal force strikes them in the most sensitive and vital rights of humanity'. How the passage reached Tolstoy was not found; Crosby's Earth for All Calendar, in the Jubilee list, is not online. No printable.
Тот, кто владеет земельной собственностью в большем размере того, что нужно ему для пропитания своего и своей семьи, не только участник, но и виновник той нужды, тех бедствий и того развращения, от которых страдают народные массы.
Those who own landed property beyond what they need to feed themselves and their families are not only participants in, but also to blame for, the want, the calamities, and the corruption from which the masses of the people suffer.
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