10Julyиюля · 10-е июля
В нашем мире истинная вера большей частью заменена общественным мнением: люди верят не в бога, а в то, чему учат люди.
In our world true faith has for the most part been replaced by public opinion: people believe not in God but in what people teach.
1. Главный и самый обычный способ отрицать существование бога состоит в том, чтобы признавать всегда безусловно справедливым общественное мнение и не придавать никакого значения своему сознанию бога.
1. The chief and most common way of denying the existence of God is to regard public opinion as always unconditionally right and to attach no importance to one’s own consciousness of God.
From The Ethics of the Dust · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changedThe fools’ “particular and chief way of saying ‘There is no God’” becomes “the chief and most common way of denying the existence of God,” and “God’s opinion is of no consequence” becomes attaching “no importance to one’s own consciousness of God”: God’s opinion becomes the knowledge of God within a person.
John Ruskin’s own wordsIt is only the fool who does wrong, and says he 'did it for the best.'
And if there's one sort of person in the world that the Bible speaks harder of than another, it is fools.
Their particular and chief way of saying 'There is no God' is this, of declaring that whatever their 'public opinion' may be, is right: and that God's opinion is of no consequence.
Source text: gutenberg.orgTolstoy’s own version · Мысли мудрых людей на каждый деньПравда — всегда правда, и зло — всегда зло. Только безумец, делая зло, говорит, что он делает это для чьего-то блага.
Главный и особенный способ отрицать существование бога состоит в том, чтобы признавать всегда безусловно справедливым общественное мнение и не придавать никакого значения мнению бога.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. The Ethics of the Dust (1866), Lecture V 'Crystal Virtues', Lecture V, the Lecturer's answer to May, 'No, May, not a bit of it; right is right, and wrong is wrong'; text of the Illustrated Library Edition (Boston and New York: Colonial Press), which keeps the punctuation that Gutenberg's separate text (no. 4701) has lost here.
Changed at the end. Ruskin speaks of fools: 'Their particular and chief way of saying "There is no God" is this, of declaring that whatever their "public opinion" may be, is right: and that God's opinion is of no consequence.' Tolstoy makes it general, 'The chief and most usual way of denying the existence of God' (Главный и самый обычный способ отрицать существование бога), and turns 'God's opinion is of no consequence' into 'to attach no importance to one's own consciousness of God' (не придавать никакого значения своему сознанию бога): God's opinion becomes the knowledge of God within a person. The change was made in stages. Thoughts of Wise Men (1903, 14 November; Tolstoy's own version) keeps Ruskin's 'particular and chief' (Главный и особенный) and 'God's opinion' (мнению бога), and prints before it the Lecturer's preceding words, 'right is right, and wrong is wrong. It is only the fool who does wrong, and says he "did it for the best"'; Путь жизни (1910, ch. XXVII, § I, no. 1) goes further, 'that voice of God which we hear unceasingly in our soul' (тому голосу бога, который мы непрестанно слышим в душе своей). No printable.
2. Бог предоставляет каждой душе выбор между истиной и спокойствием. Выбирай одно из двух. Нельзя иметь и то и другое. Как маятник, колеблется человек между тем и другим. Тот, в ком преобладает любовь к спокойствию, воспримет первую встретившуюся ему веру, философию, политическую партию, — чаще всего ту, которую исповедывал его отец, и он получит спокойствие, удобство и общественное уважение, но он затворит дверь перед истиной.
2. God offers every soul a choice between truth and repose. Choose one of the two. You cannot have both. Like a pendulum, man swings between the one and the other. He in whom the love of repose prevails will accept the first faith, philosophy, or political party he comes across — most often the one his father professed — and he will gain repose, comfort, and public esteem, but he will shut the door on truth.
From Intellect, in Essays, First Series · close to the original .
Emerson’s own wordsGod offers to every mind its choice between truth and repose. Take which you please,—you can never have both.
Between these, as a pendulum, man oscillates.
He in whom the love of repose predominates will accept the first creed, the first philosophy, the first political party he meets,—most likely his father’s.
He gets rest, commodity, and reputation; but he shuts the door of truth.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Intellect, in Essays, First Series (1841), Near the end of the essay, after 'A self-denial no less austere than the saint's is demanded of the scholar'.
Close, with one word changed. 'God offers to every mind its choice' becomes 'God offers every soul the choice' (Бог предоставляет каждой душе выбор); 'Take which you please' becomes 'Choose one of the two' (Выбирай одно из двух); 'rest, commodity, and reputation' becomes 'rest, comfort, and public respect' (спокойствие, удобство и общественное уважение). Tolstoy stops before the man in whom the love of truth predominates. No printable, because 'mind' becomes 'soul'.
3. Несчастие и зло людей происходит не столько оттого, что люди не знают своих обязанностей, сколько оттого, что они признают своими обязанностями не то, что есть их обязанность.
3. The unhappiness and evil of people come not so much from their not knowing their duties as from their taking for their duties what is not their duty.
4. У церкви, у государства, у общества имеются известные типичные формы, в которые отливается мысль молодежи. И когда приходит время, в которое должны бы были проявиться особенности нового поколения, оказывается, что мысль его уже окостенела в этих формах и не может принять в себя ничего нового.
4. The church, the state, and society have certain typical molds into which the thought of the young is cast. And when the time comes at which the distinctive traits of the new generation ought to have shown themselves, it turns out that its thought has already ossified in these molds and can take in nothing new.
From The World's Advance-Thought and the Universal Republic · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changedMallory’s individual becomes a generation: the moment “the individuality asserts” itself becomes the time when “the distinctive traits of the new generation ought to have shown themselves,” and its thought has already ossified “in these molds.”
Lucy Mallory’s own wordsChurch, State and Society have their specified moulds, into which the minds of the young are run, and when the individuality asserts itsself the mind has become ossified and cannot take in anything new.
Source text: iapsop.comDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. The World's Advance-Thought and the Universal Republic (ed. Lucy A. Mallory, Portland, Oregon), vol. XII, no. 12, October 1899, p. 186, among the editor's paragraphs signed 'L. A. M.'.
One sentence made two, and changed in its middle. 'Church, State and Society have their specified moulds, into which the minds of the young are run' is close ('certain typical forms, into which the thought of the young is cast'). 'when the individuality asserts itself' becomes 'when the time comes in which the particular traits of the new generation ought to show themselves' (когда приходит время, в которое должны бы были проявиться особенности нового поколения): Mallory's individual becomes a generation. 'the mind has become ossified and cannot take in anything new' becomes 'its thought has already ossified in these forms and cannot take in anything new', with 'in these forms' added. The signature 'L. A. M.' is Mallory's. The scan reads 'itsself'. Found in the text layer of IAPSOP's PDF of the issue (saved). No printable, for the change in the middle.
5. Вера не устанавливается большинством голосов. Тот, кто в большинстве голосов видит признак истинности веры, не знает того, что есть вера.
5. Faith is not established by a majority of votes. Those who see in a majority of votes a sign of the truth of a faith do not know what faith is.
Translation note. The Russian italic is broken only at punctuation, at the full stop and the commas; it is set here as one span.
6. Каждое общество, исходящее из положения, что «нет бога», приходит к некоторым неожиданным результатам. Так как мировой порядок представляется такому обществу рядом случайностей и бесконечных обманов, то какие-нибудь единичные случайности или обманы не могут, конечно, уже никого удивить. И потому все те ужасы, которые совершаются в нашей жизни, уже никого не поражают и не удивляют. Всё это вполне в порядке вещей.
6. Every society that starts from the premise that “there is no God” arrives at certain unexpected results. Since the order of the world appears to such a society as a series of accidents and endless deceptions, no single accident or deception can, of course, surprise anyone any longer. And so all the horrors that take place in our life no longer shock or surprise anyone. All this is quite in the order of things.
From Past and Present · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changedCarlyle’s images give way to plain statement: the Universe, “intrinsically a Perhaps” and “an ‘infinite Humbug,’” becomes “a series of accidents and endless deceptions,” and the “Phantasms riding with huge clatter along the streets” become “all the horrors that take place in our life”; “unexpected” is added to the results. †
† An intermediate translation may have made this change.
Carlyle’s own wordsTruly, any Society setting out from this No-God hypothesis will arrive at a result or two.
The Universe _being_ intrinsically a Perhaps, being too probably an 'infinite Humbug,' why should any minor Humbug astonish us?
It is all according to the order of Nature; and Phantasms riding with huge clatter along the streets, from end to end of our existence, astonish nobody.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Past and Present (1843), Book III, ch. I, Phenomena, The paragraph after 'There is no religion; there is no God; man has lost his soul'.
Carlyle's argument kept, his images replaced by plain statement. 'any Society setting out from this No-God hypothesis will arrive at a result or two' becomes 'Every society that starts from the position that "there is no God" arrives at some unexpected results' (unexpected is added). 'The Universe being intrinsically a Perhaps, being too probably an "infinite Humbug," why should any minor Humbug astonish us?' becomes 'Since the world order seems to such a society a series of chances and endless deceptions, single chances or deceptions can no longer surprise anyone': the Perhaps becomes 'a series of chances' (рядом случайностей) and the infinite Humbug 'endless deceptions'. 'Phantasms riding with huge clatter along the streets, from end to end of our existence, astonish nobody' becomes 'all the horrors that are done in our life no longer strike or surprise anyone', and 'It is all according to the order of Nature', which comes before it in Carlyle, closes Tolstoy's version as 'All this is quite in the order of things'. Left out: the sentence on the Unveracities, Phantasms, and Corn-Law Debatings, and the examples that follow (St. Ives' Workhouses, Joe-Manton Aristocracies). The Jubilee list of sources names L. P. Nikiforov's Russian Carlyle, «Загадка сфинкса» (Moscow, 1900), not found online; if Tolstoy used it, some of these changes may be the translator's. No printable.
7. Причина того бедственного положения, в которое впало наше общество, заключается в том, что люди высших классов живут без всякой веры, стараясь заменить отсутствие веры одни — лицемерием, притворяясь, что они еще верят во внешние религиозные формы, другие — смелым провозглашением своего неверия, третьи — утонченным скептицизмом, четвертые — признанием законности эгоизма и возведением его в религиозное учение.
Причина болезни — непринятие учения Христа в его истинном, т. е. полном, значении. Исцеление от болезни только в одном — в признании этого учения во всем его значении. А это признание в наше время не только возможно, но и необходимо.
7. The cause of the calamitous condition into which our society has fallen lies in this: that people of the upper classes live without any faith at all, trying to make up for the absence of faith — some by hypocrisy, pretending that they still believe in the outward forms of religion; others by a bold proclamation of their unbelief; a third group by refined skepticism; a fourth by the recognition of egoism as legitimate and its elevation into a religious teaching.
The cause of the disease is the failure to accept the teaching of Christ in its true, that is, its full, meaning. The cure for the disease lies in one thing only: in the recognition of this teaching in all its meaning. And in our time this recognition is not only possible but necessary.
Основная причина того зла, от которого страдают теперь люди, — это то, что у большинства людей нашего времени нет никакой веры.
The fundamental cause of the evil from which people now suffer is that most people of our time have no faith at all.
Tolstoy TodayТолстой сегодня · tolstoytoday.org/july/10