Thomas JeffersonТомас Джефферсон
2 passagesотрывков: 2
Each date opens its day beside the list, with these passages marked.Каждая дата открывает свой день рядом со списком, где отрывки этого автора отмечены.
3. 1) Не откладывай до завтра, что можешь сделать нынче.
2) Не заставляй другого делать то, что можешь сделать сам.
3) Гордость обходится дороже, чем всё, что нужно для еды, питья, жилища, одежды.
4) Сколько мы перемучились из-за того, что не случилось, но лишь могло случиться.
5) Если рассердишься, прежде чем что-нибудь сделаешь или скажешь, сочти десять. Если сердце не прошло, сочти сто, и то не прошло — сочти тысячу.
3. 1) Do not put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
2) Do not make another do what you can do yourself.
3) Pride costs more than all that is needed for food, drink, shelter, clothing.
4) How much we have suffered over what did not happen, but only might have happened.
5) If you get angry, count to ten before you do or say anything. If the anger has not passed, count to a hundred, and if even then it has not passed, count to a thousand.
From Letter to Thomas Jefferson Smith, Monticello, 21 February 1825, 'A Decalogue of Canons f… · reworded by Tolstoy (more).
What changed“Hunger, thirst and cold” are spelled out as “all that is needed for food, drink, shelter, clothing”; after ten and a hundred, a third count, to a thousand, is added.
What Tolstoy read · Henry Southgate, Many Thoughts of Many MindsWhen angry, count ten before you speak …
Source text: archive.orgAfter Jefferson’s own wordsTO THOMAS JEFFERSON SMITH.
This letter will, to you, be as one from the dead.
A Decalogue of Canons for observation in practical life.
1. Never put off till to-morrow what you can do to-day.
2. Never trouble another for what you can do yourself.
4. Never buy what you do not want, because it is cheap; it will be dear to you.
5. Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst and cold.
6. We never repent of having eaten too little.
8. How much pain have cost us the evils which have never happened.
When angry, count ten, before you speak; if very angry, an hundred.
Source text: archive.orgTolstoy’s own version · Tolstoy's unfinished popular version of the Circle3) Не покупай того, чего тебе не нужно, если оно дешево.
5) Редко приходится раскаиваться, что съел слишком мало.
7) Если рассердишься, сочти десять; очень рассердишься, сочти сто.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Letter to Thomas Jefferson Smith, Monticello, 21 February 1825, 'A Decalogue of Canons for observation in practical life'; in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. H. A. Washington, vol. VII (New York, Riker, 1857 printing of the Congress edition), Vol. VII, pp. 401-402; canons 1, 2, 5, 8 and 10.
Tolstoy takes five of the ten canons (1, 2, 5, 8 and 10), keeps the first two closely, and changes the other three. 'Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst and cold' becomes 'pride costs more than all that is needed for food, drink, shelter, and clothing'; 'How much pain have cost us the evils which have never happened' becomes 'how much we have suffered over what did not happen but only might have happened'; the tenth canon gains 'before you do or say anything' and a third step, 'if that has not passed, count a thousand'. «По Джеферсону» (after Jefferson) marks the retelling. In his unfinished popular version of the Circle (Jubilee vol. 42) Tolstoy gives seven canons, adding the fourth and sixth, and keeps the tenth as Jefferson has it. Southgate's Many Thoughts of Many Minds prints the tenth canon alone.
Translation note. «Сердце», literally “heart”, has here its old everyday sense of anger, as in «сердиться», “to be angry”.
8. Американские индейцы никогда не подчинялись никаким законам, никакой власти или тени какого-либо правительства. Их единственный руководитель — это обычай и то нравственное сознание добра и зла, которое, как чувство вкуса и осязания, в каждом человеке составляет часть его природы. Поступки, нарушающие то, что считается между ними должным, наказываются презрением и исключением из общества; в случаях же более важных, как грабеж, убийство, наказание предоставляется тем лицам, которые пострадали. Как ни кажутся несовершенны эти способы наказаний, преступления очень редки между ними.
Если спросить, что более склоняет человека к злу: отсутствие ли закона, как между дикими американцами, или излишество законов, как среди цивилизованных европейцев, то тот, кто видел те и другие условия существования, наверное ответит, что, конечно, излишество и что овцы счастливее, будучи предоставлены самим себе, а не попечению волков.
8. The American Indians have never submitted to any laws, to any authority, or to the shadow of any government. Their only guide is custom and that moral consciousness of good and evil which, like the senses of taste and touch, makes up in every man a part of his nature. Acts that violate what is held among them to be proper are punished by contempt and by exclusion from society; in more serious cases, such as robbery or murder, punishment is left to the persons who have suffered. However imperfect these ways of punishing may seem, crimes are very rare among them.
If it were asked which inclines man more to evil, the absence of law, as among the savage Americans, or an excess of laws, as among civilized Europeans, then whoever has seen both conditions of existence will surely answer that it is, of course, the excess, and that sheep are happier left to themselves than left to the care of wolves.
From Notes on the State of Virginia · reworded by Tolstoy (more).
What changedJefferson’s question, which condition “submits man to the greatest evil,” that is, makes him suffer most, becomes which “inclines man more to evil,” a question of wrongdoing; “robbery” is added to murder, and “their manners” become “custom.”
Jefferson’s own wordsThis practice results from the circumstance of their having never submitted themselves to any laws, any coercive power, any shadow of government.
Their only controls are their manners, and that moral sense of right and wrong, which, like the sense of tasting and feeling in every man, makes a part of his nature.
An offence against these is punished by contempt, by exclusion from society, or, where the case is serious, as that of murder, by the individuals whom it concerns.
… whether no law, as among the savage Americans, or too much law, as among the civilized Europeans, submits man to the greatest evil, one who has seen both conditions of existence would pronounce it to be the last ; and that the sheep are' happier of themselves, than under care of the wolves.
Source text: archive.orgTolstoy’s own version · Путь жизниАмериканские индейцы жили так, что у них не было никакой власти, никаких законов, никакого правительства.
Овцы наверное будут счастливее, если они сами будут заботиться о себе, а не будут отданы на попечение о них волкам.
Source text: tolstoy.ruDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), Query XI 'Aborigines', The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. H. A. Washington, vol. VIII (New York, 1854), p. 338.
Four consecutive sentences of Query XI, close in most words, changed at two points. Jefferson is explaining why the tribes divided into small societies ('This practice results from the circumstance of their having never submitted'); Tolstoy makes the American Indians the subject of a general statement. 'Their manners' becomes 'custom' (обычай). Jefferson's 'where the case is serious, as that of murder' becomes 'in more important cases, such as robbery, murder' (как грабеж, убийство): 'robbery' is added. Jefferson's question, which condition 'submits man to the greatest evil', that is, which makes him suffer most, becomes which 'inclines man more to evil' (что более склоняет человека к злу), a question of wrongdoing; and his answer, 'the last', becomes 'certainly the excess' of laws, which Tolstoy begins as a second paragraph. 'Imperfect as this species of coercion may seem, crimes are very rare among them' is close (the scan garbles it). Tolstoy retold the passage more freely in For Every Day and The Path of Life, signed 'After Jefferson'. The Jubilee name index gives Jefferson's birth as 1739 (he was born in 1743). No printable.