10Novemberноября · 10-е ноября
С того часа, как первые члены соборов сказали: «изволися нам и святому духу», т. е. вознесли внешний авторитет выше внутреннего, признали результат жалких человеческих рассуждений на соборах важнее и святее того единого истинно святого, что есть в человеке, — его разума и совести, с того часа началась та ложь, убаюкивающая и тела и души людей, которая погубила миллионы человеческих существ и продолжает до сей поры свое ужасное дело.
From the hour when the first members of the councils said, “It seemed good to us and to the Holy Spirit” — that is, raised an outward authority above the inward one, and declared the result of pitiful human reasonings at councils more important and more holy than the one truly holy thing in us, our reason and conscience — from that hour began the lie, lulling both the bodies and the souls of people, which has destroyed millions of human beings and continues its dreadful work to this day.
Translation note. Acts 15:28, “It seemed good to the Holy Ghost, and to us” (KJV); Tolstoy puts “us” first.
1. Как ни странно может это показаться, несомненно то, что только в тех учениях, которые назывались ересями, проявлялось и двигалось, т. е. уяснилось и осуществлялось христианство. Ереси могли заключать в себе заблуждения, но могли заключать в себе и истинное христианство; учения же, признаваемые государственными, поддерживаемые властью, насилием, не могли быть христианством, так как основа их, насилие, была антихристианская. Католичество, православие, лютеранство, англиканство не могли быть христианскими учениями, потому что отрицали одно из основных требований христианства — любовное вразумление, и на место его употребляли самые антихристианские приемы насилия, доходившие до величайших мучительств, казней, сожжений. Все эти, соединившиеся с государственной властью церкви, которые не даром сектанты называют апокалипсической блудницей, не только никогда не были христианскими, но всегда были злейшими врагами христианства и продолжают и теперь, не раскаиваясь в своих преступлениях, а признавая всё свое прошедшее священным, хотя и в более мягких формах, точно так же бороться против истинного христианства, представляя из себя главное препятствие для восприятия народами открытой им истины.
1. Strange as it may seem, it is beyond doubt that only in the teachings that were called heresies did Christianity show itself and move, that is, become clear and be put into practice. Heresies might contain errors, but they might also contain true Christianity; whereas the teachings recognized by the state, upheld by power, by violence, could not be Christianity, since their foundation, violence, was anti-Christian. Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Lutheranism, Anglicanism could not be Christian teachings, because they rejected one of the fundamental demands of Christianity — loving persuasion — and in its place used the most anti-Christian methods of violence, going as far as the most terrible tortures, executions, burnings. All these churches, united with the power of the state, which the sectarians not for nothing call the harlot of the Apocalypse, not only were never Christian, but were always the bitterest enemies of Christianity, and they continue even now — not repenting of their crimes, but holding all their past sacred — to fight in exactly the same way, though in milder forms, against true Christianity, and are the chief obstacle to the peoples’ receiving the truth revealed to them.
2. Англиканство было с самого начала самым раболепным и усердным слугою угнетения, старавшимся с помощью светской власти и посредством пышной торжественности достигнуть того же положения, которого достиг католицизм в Европе. Оно при каждом трудном случае обращалось к помощи государственной власти.
2. Anglicanism was from the beginning at once the most servile and the most efficient agent of tyranny. Endeavouring by the assistance of temporal authority and by the display of worldly pomp to realise in England the same position as Catholicism had occupied in Europe, she naturally flung herself on every occasion into the arms of the civil power.
From History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe · close to the original .
Tolstoy’s version, in EnglishAnglicanism was from the very beginning the most servile and zealous servant of oppression, seeking with the help of the secular power and by means of splendid pomp to attain the same position that Catholicism had attained in Europe. At every difficult turn it called on the help of the power of the state.
Lecky’s own wordsAnglicanism was from the beginning at once the most servile and the most efficient agent of tyranny.
Endeavouring by the assistance of temporal authority and by the display of worldly pomp to realise in England the same position as Catholicism had occupied in Europe, she naturally flung herself on every occasion into the arms of the civil power.
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe (1865), vol. ii, ch. v, vol. ii, p. 174 (1872 edition).
Faithful to these two sentences; Tolstoy has 'servant of oppression' for 'agent of tyranny' and 'at every difficult occasion' for 'on every occasion'. Lecky's own two sentences are printed here.
Translation note. Tolstoy kept the author’s words closely, so the author’s own English is printed here (ruling 1); Tolstoy’s Russian, translated, is in the source panel. Lecky’s British spelling is kept, as his.
3. В 1682 году в Англии доктор Лейтон, почтенный человек, написавший книгу против епископства, был судим и приговорен к следующим, совершенным над ним, наказаниям. Его жестоко высекли, потом отрезали одно ухо и распороли одну сторону носа, потом горячим железом выжгли на щеке буквы SS: сеятель смут. После семи дней его опять высекли, несмотря на то, что рубцы на спине еще не зажили, и распороли другую сторону носа, и отрезали другое ухо, и выжгли клеймо на другой щеке. Всё это было сделано во имя христианства.
3. In 1682 in England Doctor Leighton, a respectable man who had written a book against episcopacy, was tried and sentenced to the following punishments, which were carried out on him. He was cruelly flogged, then one ear was cut off and one side of his nose slit, then the letters SS, sower of sedition, were burned into his cheek with a hot iron. After seven days he was flogged again, though the welts on his back had not yet healed, and the other side of his nose was slit, and the other ear cut off, and the brand burned into the other cheek. All this was done in the name of Christianity.
From "That Great Lying Church" · shortened by Tolstoy .
Morrison Davidson’s own wordsDr. Leighton, an entirely reputable Scotsman, father of the truly Christlike Archbishop Leighton of Glasgow, had written a perfectly legitimate book against Episcopacy.
(4) He was branded on the cheek with a red-hot iron with the letters S.S. [Sower of Sedition]. (5) On that day seven-night the sores on his back, ear, nose, and face being not yet cured, he was whipped again at the pillory in Cheapside, and had the remainder of his sentence executed upon him by cutting off the other ear, slitting the other side of his nose, and branding of the other cheek.
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. "That Great Lying Church" (1906), Section 'State Church Persecutions', pp. 94-95 (Laud's diary on Dr. Alexander Leighton).
Faithful in substance for the list of punishments; Tolstoy omits the Star Chamber, Laud and the pillory, and adds 'All this was done in the name of Christianity'. Date: Davidson misprints Charles I's accession as '1652'; Tolstoy's '1682' is a further slip — Leighton was sentenced in 1630.
Translation note. Alexander Leighton was sentenced in 1630, not 1682; Tolstoy’s date kept.
4. Христос не основывал никакой церкви, не устанавливал никакого государства, не дал никаких законов, никакого правительства, ни внешнего авторитета, но он старался написать закон бога в сердцах людей с тем, чтобы сделать их самоуправляющимися.
4. Christ founded no church, set up no state, gave no laws, no government, no outward authority; but he sought to write the law of God in the hearts of men, so as to make them self-governing.
Source not found yet .
Not found yet.
Not traced to a public-domain text. A quotation website gives Newton's words as: 'Christ founded no church, established no state, gave practically no laws, organized no government and set up no external authority, but he did seek to write on the hearts of men God's law and make them self-legislating' — this matches Tolstoy closely but is unverified. Probably reached Tolstoy through Crosby's Earth for All Calendar (not online).
Searched: archive.org metadata for R. Heber Newton (Philistinism, The Morals of Trade, Right and Wrong Uses of the Bible); Coit's Message of Man; web search of the English wording.
5. В 1415 году Иоанна Гуса за его обличение безбожных поступков папы признали еретиком, судили и приговорили к смерти без пролития крови, т. е. к сожжению.
Место казни находилось за городскими воротами, между садами, подле Рейна. Когда Гуса привели на место казни, он упал на колени и стал молиться. Когда палач велел ему войти на костер, Гус выпрямился и сказал громко:
— Иисусе Христе! Эту ужасную, позорную смерть я терплю ради проповеди твоего слова; буду терпеть покорно и со смирением!
Палачи раздели Гуса и привязали ему руки назад к столбу; ноги Гуса стояли на скамье. Вокруг него положили дрова и солому. Костер достигал Гусу до подбородка. В последний раз имперский маршал фон-Поппенгейм предложил Гусу спасти жизнь отречением от ереси.
— Нет, — сказал Гус, — я не знаю за собою вины.
Тогда палачи зажгли костер.
Гус запел гимн: «Христе, сыне бога живого, помилуй меня!» Пламя, раздуваемое ветром, поднялось высоко, и Гус вскоре умолк.
5. In 1415 Jan Hus, for denouncing the godless deeds of the pope, was declared a heretic, tried, and sentenced to death without the shedding of blood, that is, to burning.
The place of execution lay outside the city gates, among gardens, beside the Rhine. When Hus was brought to the place of execution, he fell on his knees and began to pray. When the executioner told him to mount the pyre, Hus stood up straight and said aloud:
“Jesus Christ! This terrible, shameful death I endure for preaching your word; I will endure it meekly and with humility!”
The executioners stripped Hus and tied his hands behind him to the stake; his feet stood on a bench. Around him they laid wood and straw. The pile reached up to his chin. For the last time the imperial marshal von Pappenheim offered Hus his life if he would renounce his heresy.
“No,” said Hus, “I know of no guilt in myself.”
Then the executioners lit the pyre.
Hus began to sing a hymn: “Christ, Son of the living God, have mercy on me!” The flames, fanned by the wind, rose high, and Hus soon fell silent.
Translation note. Constance lies on the Rhine; “von Pappenheim” is the usual spelling of Tolstoy’s «фон-Поппенгейм».
6. Говорят, истинно верующие составляют церковь. Есть ли эти истинно верующие, или нет их, мы не может знать. Каждый из нас естественно желал бы быть таким истинно верующим и каждый старается быть им; но никто не может сказать ни про себя, ни про тех, которые верят так же, как он, что они одни истинно верующие. Тот, кто может сказать это, этим самым отрекается от истинного христианства.
6. It is said that the true believers make up the church. Whether these true believers exist or not, we cannot know. Each of us would naturally wish to be such a true believer, and each tries to be one; but none of us can say, either of ourselves or of those who believe as we do, that we alone are the true believers. Whoever can say this thereby renounces true Christianity.
Translation note. The Jubilee reads «мы не может знать», a misprint for «не можем»: “we cannot know”.
Если есть церковь, то она не может быть видна тем, кто находится в ней.
If there is a church, it cannot be seen by those who are in it.
Tolstoy TodayТолстой сегодня · tolstoytoday.org/november/10