9Decemberдекабря · 9-е декабря
Назначение человека — служение всем, всем людям, а не такое служение одним, при котором неизбежно делание зла другим.
Our calling is service to all, to all people, and not the kind of service to some that inevitably means doing evil to others.
1. Для христианина любовь к отечеству стоит преградой для любви к ближнему. И как в древнем мире любовь к семье должна была быть принесена в жертву любви к отечеству, так в христианском мире любовь к отечеству должна уступить любви к ближнему.
1. For a Christian, love of the fatherland stands as a barrier to love of one’s neighbor. And as in the ancient world love of family had to be sacrificed to love of the fatherland, so in the Christian world love of the fatherland must give way to love of one’s neighbor.
2. Если неестественно ослепление людей, не старающихся узнать смысл своей жизни, то еще ужаснее ослепление верующих в бога и живущих дурно. Почти все люди находятся в том или другом ослеплении.
2. If the blindness of people who do not try to learn the meaning of their life is unnatural, still more terrible is the blindness of those who believe in God and live badly. Almost all people are in the one blindness or the other.
From Pensées · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changedAdds “Almost all people are in the one blindness or the other.”
Original · FrenchSi c'est un aveuglément surnaturel de vivre sans chercher ce qu'on est, c'en est un terrible de vivre mal, en croyant Dieu.
Source text: fr.wikisource.orgIn English · W. F. Trotter, 1910If it is an extraordinary blindness to live without investigating what we are, it is a terrible one to live an evil life, while believing in God.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Pensées, Brunschvicg 495 (Section VII); Trotter 495.
The first sentence is B. 495, with Pascal's 'supernatural blindness' rendered 'unnatural' («неестественно») and 'without seeking what one is' as 'without trying to learn the meaning of their life'. The second sentence ('almost all people are in one blindness or the other') is not in Pascal's fragment in the Brunschvicg edition; it is either Tolstoy's own or from the edition he read.
3. Если человек потерял истинную природу, — всё, что угодно, делается его природой; точно так же, если потеряно истинное благо, — всё, что угодно, делается его благом.
3. If man has lost his true nature, anything whatever becomes his nature; in just the same way, if the true good is lost, anything whatever becomes his good.
From Pensées · close to the original .
Original · FrenchLa vraie nature étant perdue, tout devient sa nature ; comme, le véritable bien étant perdu, tout devient son véritable bien.
Source text: fr.wikisource.orgIn English · W. F. Trotter, 1910True nature being lost, everything becomes its own nature; as the true good being lost, everything becomes its own true good.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Pensées, Brunschvicg 426 (Section VII); Trotter 426.
Faithful; Tolstoy makes the subject explicit ('if man has lost his true nature') and turns 'his true good' into 'his good'.
4. Последнее прибежище негодяя — патриотизм.
4. Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.
From James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. · close to the original .
Tolstoy’s version, in EnglishThe last refuge of a scoundrel is patriotism.
Johnson’s own wordsPatriotism having become one of our topicks, Johnson suddenly uttered, in a strong determined tone, an apophthegm, at which many will start: 'Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.' But let it be considered, that he did not mean a real and generous love of our country, but that pretended patriotism which so many, in all ages and countries, have made a cloak for self-interest.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (1791), under Friday, 7 April 1775, 1775, "Friday, April 7, I dined with him at a Tavern, with a numerous company".
Word for word, with the subject moved to the end ("Последнее прибежище негодяя — патриотизм"). Boswell adds at once that Johnson meant "that pretended patriotism which so many... have made a cloak for self-interest", not "a real and generous love of our country"; Tolstoy gives the saying without Boswell's gloss. The Jubilee name index refers «Джонсон» here (vol. 42, p. 332) to Ben Jonson, the dramatist; that is the editors' slip: the saying is Samuel Johnson's, and Tolstoy's «Джонсон» is right. Johnson's own sentence is printed here.
Translation note. Tolstoy kept the author’s words closely, so the author’s own English is printed here (ruling 1); Tolstoy’s Russian, translated, is in the source panel.
5. Патриотизм не добродетель: жертвовать своей жизнью ради отжившего суеверия государства не может быть нашей обязанностью.
5. Patriotism is not a virtue: to sacrifice our lives for the outworn superstition of the state cannot be our duty.
Probably from Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, life of Theodorus · reworded by Tolstoy .
Not in Leo Tolstoy as EditorThe thought matches Theodorus as Diogenes Laertius reports him, but the wording is modern and its source was not found.
Original · Ancient Greek… ἔλεγε δὲ καὶ εὔλογον εἶναι τὸν σπουδαῖον ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος μὴ ἐξαγαγεῖν αὑτόν· οὐ γὰρ ἀποβαλεῖν τὴν φρόνησιν ἕνεκα τῆς τῶν ἀφρόνων ὠφελείας. Εἶναί τε πατρίδα τὸν κόσμον.
Source text: raw.githubusercontent.comIn English · R. D. Hicks, 1925It was reasonable, as he thought, for the good man not to risk his life in the defence of his country, for he would never throw wisdom away to benefit the unwise.
He said the world was his country.
Source text: en.wikisource.orgDetails
A likely source, not certain. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, life of Theodorus, II.98–99.
The only ancient Theodorus known for this view: Diogenes Laertius reports that the Cyrenaic Theodorus 'the Atheist' held it reasonable for the wise man not to give his life for his country, since he would not throw away wisdom to benefit fools, and that the world was his country. The thought matches (giving one's life for the fatherland is no duty), but Tolstoy's wording does not: 'patriotism is not a virtue' and 'the outworn superstition of the state' are modern, and probably come from an intermediary (an anthology, or a modern writer signing 'Theodorus' or 'Theodore') that was not found. The Jubilee index lists «Теодорус» with no identification. A lead not followed up: Theodore Wright of Brisbane wrote regularly for Lucy Mallory's The World's Advance-Thought, which Tolstoy read; the volumes searched do not contain the sentence.
Searched: Diogenes Laertius II (Hicks and Greek) for Theodorus; the available World's Advance-Thought volumes, Coit, Southgate (both series), Crosby's Broadcast and Swords and Plowshares, Tolstoy's «Одумайтесь!» and «Царство Божие внутри вас» ch. I for 'patriotism ... superstition/virtue' and Theodor-; web searches for the English and German forms of the sentence.
6. Патриотизм в наше время выставляется поводом оправдания и всякого общественного зла и личной подлости. Человеку внушают, чтобы он ради блага своей страны отказался от всего, что делает страну его достойной уважения: ради патриотизма человек должен подчиниться всякому постыдному делу, которое, развращая частных людей, ведет к погибели весь народ.
6. Patriotism, in our day, is made to be an argument for all public wrong, and all private meanness. For the sake of country a man is told to yield every thing that makes the land honorable. For the sake of country a man must submit to every ignominy that will lead to the ruin of the state through disgrace of the citizen.
From Life Thoughts, gathered from the extemporaneous discourses of Henry Ward Beecher, by one… · close to the original .
Tolstoy’s version, in EnglishPatriotism in our time is put forward as a pretext for justifying both every public evil and every private baseness. A man is made to believe that, for the good of his country, he must give up everything that makes his country worthy of respect: for the sake of patriotism a man must submit to every shameful deed, which, by corrupting private individuals, leads the whole nation to ruin.
Beecher’s own wordsPatriotism, in our day, is made to be an argument for all public wrong, and all private meanness. For the sake of country a man is told to yield every thing that makes the land honorable. For the sake of country a man must submit to every …
… ignominy that will lead to the ruin of the state through disgrace of the citizen. There never was a man so unpatriotic as Christ was.
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Life Thoughts, gathered from the extemporaneous discourses of Henry Ward Beecher, by one of his congregation [Edna Dean Proctor] (Boston: Phillips, Sampson, 1858), pp. 135-136.
Beecher's three sentences, closely translated. "An argument for all public wrong, and all private meanness" becomes "the pretext and justification of every public evil and personal baseness"; "every thing that makes the land honorable" becomes "everything that makes his country worthy of respect"; "the ruin of the state through disgrace of the citizen" becomes "which, corrupting private people, leads the whole people to ruin". Tolstoy stops before Beecher's next sentence, "There never was a man so unpatriotic as Christ was". The Jubilee index identifies the name rightly (Henry Ward Beecher, 1813-1887). Beecher's own words are printed here.
Translation note. Tolstoy kept the author’s words closely, so the author’s own English is printed here (ruling 1); Tolstoy’s Russian, translated, is in the source panel.
7. Много злого совершают люди ради себялюбия, еще больше зла совершают они ради семьи; самые же ужасные злодеяния — шпионства, поборы с народа и ужасные смертоубийства, войны — совершаются людьми ради патриотизма, и совершающие их гордятся этими злодеяниями.
7. People do much evil for the sake of self-love, and still more evil for the sake of their families; but the most terrible crimes — spying, exactions from the people, and those terrible slaughters, wars — are committed by people for the sake of patriotism, and those who commit them take pride in these crimes.
8. Проповедывать в наше время всемирного общения народов исключительную любовь к своему народу и всегдашнюю готовность к войне с другим народом — все равно, что проповедывать в наше время среди мирных людей исключительную любовь к своей деревне и в каждой деревне собирать войска и строить крепости. Любовь к своему исключительному отечеству, которая прежде соединяла людей одной страны, в наше время, когда люди уже соединены путями сообщения, торговлей, промышленностью, наукой, искусством, а главное, нравственным сознанием, уже не соединяет, а разъединяет людей.
8. To preach, in our time of worldwide contact between nations, an exclusive love of one’s own nation and a constant readiness for war with another nation is the same as to preach, in our time, among peaceable people, an exclusive love of one’s own village, and to gather troops and build fortresses in every village. Love of one’s own particular fatherland, which once united the people of a single country, no longer unites but divides people in our time, when people are already united by means of communication, by trade, industry, science, art, and above all by moral consciousness.
9. Любовь к своему отечеству, так же, как и любовь к своей семье, есть естественное свойство, но так же, как и любовь к семье, никак не может быть добродетелью, но может быть пороком, когда преступает те пределы, при которых нарушается любовь к ближнему.
9. Love of one’s fatherland, like love of one’s family, is a natural trait; but, like love of family, it can by no means be a virtue, though it can be a vice when it oversteps the bounds beyond which love of one’s neighbor is violated.
Патриотизм до такой степени несвойственен людям нашего времени, что он может быть возбуждаем только внушением.
Это самое и делают правительства и те, которым патриотизм выгоден: они внушают его тем, которые уже не испытывают его и которым он невыгоден. Надо быть настороже против этого обмана.
Patriotism is so unnatural to the people of our time that it can be roused only by suggestion.
This is exactly what governments do, and those who profit from patriotism: they instill it by suggestion in those who no longer feel it and who do not profit from it. We must be on our guard against this deception.
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