4Decemberдекабря · 4-е декабря
Не случайно сказано, что весь закон в том, чтобы любить бога и ближнего. Любовь к ближнему есть частный случай. Ближний может быть и не быть, бог всегда есть. И потому человек один в пустыне, в тюрьме может исполнять закон, любя бога и все доступные ему проявления его хотя бы в воспоминаниях, в представлениях, мыслях.
Not for nothing is it said that the whole law lies in loving God and our neighbor. Love of our neighbor is a particular case. A neighbor may be there or may not; God always is. And so, alone in a desert or in prison, we can fulfill the law by loving God and all his manifestations within our reach, if only in memories, in imaginings, in thoughts.
1. Помни, что в каждом человеке живет дух божий — тот же, который дает тебе жизнь, и потому не только люби, но чти, как святыню, душу каждого человека.
1. Remember that in every person there lives the spirit of God — the same spirit that gives you life — and so not only love the soul of every person, but revere it as a holy thing.
2. Лошадь спасается от врага своим быстрым бегом, и она несчастна не тогда, когда не может петь петухом, а тогда, когда потеряла то, что ей дано, — свой быстрый бег.
Собака имеет чутье; когда она лишается того, что ей дано, — своего чутья, она несчастна, а не бывает несчастна тогда, когда она не может летать.
Точно так же и человек становится несчастным не тогда, когда он не может осилить медведя, или льва, или злых людей, а тогда, когда он теряет то, что ему дано, — доброту и рассудительность. Вот такой-то человек воистину несчастен и достоин сожаления.
Не то жалко, что человек умер, что он лишился своих денег, дома, имения: всё это не принадлежит человеку. А то жалко, когда человек теряет свою истинную собственность — свое человеческое достоинство.
2. A horse escapes its enemy by its swift running, and it is unhappy not when it cannot crow like a rooster, but when it has lost what was given it — its swift running.
A dog has a keen sense of smell; when it is deprived of what was given it — its sense of smell — it is unhappy, but it is not unhappy when it cannot fly.
In just the same way a man becomes unhappy not when he cannot overpower a bear, or a lion, or wicked men, but when he loses what was given him — kindness and good judgment. It is such a man who is truly unhappy and worthy of pity.
It is not a pity that a man has died, that he has lost his money, his house, his estate: none of this belongs to a man. What is a pity is when a man loses his true property — his human dignity.
From Discourses · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changedHeracles’ lions become “a bear, or a lion, or wicked men”; probity becomes kindness.
Original · Ancient Greek… ἵππος οὖν πότʼ ἄθλιός ἐστιν; ὅταν τῶν φυσικῶν δυνάμεων στέρηται· οὐχ ὅταν μὴ δύνηται κοκκύζειν, ἀλλʼ ὅταν μὴ τρέχειν. ὁ δὲ κύων; ὅταν πέτεσθαι μὴ δύνηται; ἀλλʼ ὅταν μὴ ἰχνεύειν.
… ἀλλʼ ὁ ἀπολωλεκὼς τὸ εὔγνωμον, ὁ τὸ πιστόν;
… οὐχὶ μὰ Δία τὸν φύντα ἢ τὸν ἀποθανόντα, ἀλλʼ ᾧ ζῶντι συμβεβήκει ἀπολέσαι τὰ ἴδια, οὐ τὰ πατρῷα, τὸ ἀγρίδιον καὶ τὸ οἰκίδιον καὶ τὸ πανδοκεῖον καὶ τὰ δουλάρια …
Source text: raw.githubusercontent.comIn English · George Long, 1890When is a horse wretched? When he is deprived of his natural faculties, not when he cannot crow like a cock, but when he cannot run. When is a dog wretched? Not when he cannot fly, but when he cannot track his game.
… for he did not come into the world in the possession of certain powers from nature for this purpose, but because he has lost his probity and his fidelity?
… but because it has happened to him in his life time to have lost the things which are his own, not that which he received from his father, not his land and house, and his inn, …
… and his slaves; for not one of these things is a man’s own, but all belong to others, …
Source text: raw.githubusercontent.comDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Discourses (Arrian), IV.5.14–17.
From the discourse 'Against the quarrelsome and ferocious'. Tolstoy keeps the horse that cannot crow and the dog that cannot fly, and adds what each is for (the horse escapes its enemy by speed; the dog has its scent). Epictetus's man who cannot 'strangle lions or embrace statues' (Heracles, Diogenes) becomes one who cannot 'overcome a bear, or a lion, or wicked men'; his lost 'probity and fidelity' (τὸ εὔγνωμον, τὸ πιστόν) become 'kindness and reasonableness'. The last paragraph condenses the lament: not for one born or dead, nor for the loss of land, house, inn and slaves, which are not a man's own, but for the loss of his own things; Tolstoy names these 'his human dignity' where Epictetus speaks of the human stamp a man brings into the world, like the stamp on a coin.
3. Не делай ничего противного твоей совести ни на людях, ни наедине.
3. Do nothing against your conscience, whether in public or alone.
4. В наше время люди забывают, что прежде всего они должны в самих себе свято чтить человека. Высшее же свойство человека состоит в том, что при душевном равновесии сознание его способно, вступая в общение с источником разумения, сливаться с беспредельною духовной жизнью. А между тем люди, вместо того чтобы непосредственно черпать духовную пищу из этого источника, предпочитают нищенски вымаливать друг у друга по кружке застоявшейся воды.
4. In our time people forget that first of all they must hold sacred the man within themselves. And the highest quality of man lies in this: that when the soul is in balance, his consciousness is able, entering into communion with the source of understanding, to merge with boundless spiritual life. And yet people, instead of drawing spiritual food directly from this source, prefer to go begging from one another, like paupers, for a mug of stagnant water apiece.
From Self-Reliance, in Essays, First Series · reworded by Tolstoy .
What changedTwo sentences of “Self-Reliance” are expanded into a lesson on the soul’s source.
Emerson’s own wordsBut now we are a mob. Man does not stand in awe of man, nor is his genius admonished to stay at home, to put itself in communication with the internal ocean, but it goes abroad to beg a cup of water of the urns of other men.
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Self-Reliance, in Essays, First Series (1841), Late in the essay, after 'Bid the invaders take the shoes from off their feet, for God is here within'.
An expanded paraphrase of these two sentences. 'But now we are a mob' becomes 'In our time'; 'Man does not stand in awe of man' becomes 'people forget that first of all they must hold man sacred in themselves'; 'nor is his genius admonished to stay at home, to put itself in communication with the internal ocean' becomes a sentence of its own, that man's highest property is that, in calm of soul, his consciousness can enter into communion with the source of reason and merge with boundless spiritual life (perhaps coloured by the essay's earlier 'the sense of being which in calm hours rises... in the soul'); and 'to beg a cup of water of the urns of other men' becomes 'to beg from one another a mug of stagnant water'. Tolstoy may have read it in the Russian «О доверии к себе» (Posrednik, 1904), which the Jubilee list of sources names.
5. Самый жалкий из нас обладает все-таки каким-нибудь даром, и как бы ни был этот дар, повидимому, зауряден, но, составляя нашу особенность, он может, при правильном применении, стать даром для всего человечества.
5. The weakest among us has a gift, however seemingly trivial, which is peculiar to him, and which worthily used will be a gift also to his race.
From Modern Painters, vol. I · close to the original .
Tolstoy’s version, in EnglishThe most wretched of us still possesses some gift; and however ordinary that gift may seem, yet, since it is what is peculiarly ours, it can, rightly used, become a gift to all mankind.
John Ruskin’s own wordsDegrees infinite of lustre there must always be, but the weakest among us has a gift, however seemingly trivial, which is peculiar to him, and which worthily used will be a gift also to his race forever--
Source text: gutenberg.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Modern Painters, vol. I (1843), Part II, Section I, Chapter VII 'General Application of the Foregoing Principles', Part II, Sec. I, Ch. VII, §8 'The value of inferior works of art how to be estimated'; reprinted by Ruskin in Frondes Agrestes (1875), §71.
A close translation of Ruskin's clause; 'the weakest among us' becomes 'the most pitiful of us' (самый жалкий), 'which is peculiar to him' becomes 'being our own particularity', 'his race' becomes 'all mankind', and 'forever' is dropped. In Frondes Agrestes §71 Ruskin printed it with commas ('which, worthily used, will be a gift also to his race for ever'). Ruskin's own clause is printed here, without 'forever'; in Ruskin it begins mid-sentence.
Translation note. Tolstoy kept the author’s words closely, so the author’s own English is printed here (ruling 1); Tolstoy’s Russian, translated, is in the source panel.
Кроме обязанностей к ближнему, у каждого человека есть обязанность к себе, как к сыну божию.
Besides our duties toward our neighbor, we each have a duty toward ourselves, as toward a son of God.
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