CombeCombe
1 passageотрывков: 1
Each date opens its day beside the list, with these passages marked.Каждая дата открывает свой день рядом со списком, где отрывки этого автора отмечены.
1. Сила есть то орудие, посредством которого невежество заставляет своих последователей делать те дела, к которым они по природе своей не склонны; и (подобно попытке заставить воду идти выше своего уровня) в тот момент, когда орудие это перестает действовать, прекращаются и его последствия.
Убеждение же, напротив, — подобно спуску, сделанному в реке, который нужно только сделать для того, чтобы река текла сама собой без нашего внимания и усилия. Есть только два средства направлять человеческую деятельность. Одно в том, чтобы заставить человека действовать противно его склонностям и суждениям, и другое в том, чтобы завладеть склонностями, убедить рассуждением. Один способ употребляется невежеством, и последствия его — разочарование, другой подтверждается опытом и всегда увенчивается успехом. Когда ребенок кричит, чтобы ему дали погремушку, он хочет силою получить ее. Когда родители бьют своих детей, то это с тем, чтобы силою заставить их вести себя хорошо. Когда пьяный муж бьет свою жену, то он делает это в виду исправления ее силою. Когда преступник наказывается, то это делается для того, чтобы улучшить мир силою. Когда один человек судится с другим, то это с тем, чтобы достигнуть справедливости посредством силы. Когда священник говорит об ужасах адских мучений, то делает он это с целью направить своих слушателей на небо силою. Когда один народ воюет с другим, то цель его состоит в том, чтобы приобрести желательное положение силою. И удивительное дело: до сих пор невежество вело и ведет человечество тем самым путем насилия, который всегда вел и ведет к разочарованию.
1. Force is the instrument by which ignorance makes its followers do the things to which they are not inclined by their nature; and (like an attempt to make water rise above its level) the moment this instrument ceases to act, its effects cease as well.
Persuasion, on the contrary, is like an outlet cut in a river, which need only be made for the river to flow of itself, without our attention and effort. There are only two means of directing human activity. One is to make a man act against his inclinations and judgments, and the other is to win over his inclinations, to persuade him by reasoning. The one method is used by ignorance, and its consequence is disappointment; the other is confirmed by experience and is always crowned with success. When a child screams to be given a rattle, he wants to get it by force. When parents beat their children, it is in order to make them behave well by force. When a drunken husband beats his wife, he does it with a view to reforming her by force. When a criminal is punished, it is done in order to improve the world by force. When one man goes to law against another, it is in order to obtain justice by means of force. When a priest speaks of the horrors of the torments of hell, he does it with the aim of directing his hearers toward heaven by force. When one nation makes war on another, its aim is to obtain a desired position by force. And the astonishing thing is this: until now ignorance has led, and still leads, humanity along the very path of violence that has always led, and still leads, to disappointment.
From Many Thoughts of Many Minds, compiled by Henry Southgate · reworded by Tolstoy (more).
What changedThe close of Southgate’s entry, that “ignorance has been completely successful, hitherto, in leading the world to follow the course which leads to disappointment,” loses its irony and the wish for success, and Tolstoy names the course: “the very path of violence”; “a minister of religion” becomes “a priest.”
What Tolstoy read · Many Thoughts of Many Minds, compiled by Henry SouthgateForce is the agent which Ignorance uses for making his followers do the actions to which they are disinclined by nature; and (like an attempt to make water ascend above its level) the moment the agent ceases to act, the same instant does the operation cease.
Persuasion, on the other hand, is like a cut made for the stream, which has only to be introduced, and it then continues to run of its own accord, without further attention.
When a child cries for a rattle, it is with a view of obtaining it by force.
Though every human being wishes for success, yet ignorance has been completely successful, hitherto, in leading the world to follow the course which leads to …
Source text: archive.orgDetails
The words shown were found, word for word, in the saved source text. Many Thoughts of Many Minds, compiled by Henry Southgate (London and New York: Routledge, 1862), under 'Compulsion—used by Ignorance only', signed 'Combe'; the scan misplaces the last word, 'disappointment', into the next column.
The whole of Southgate's entry, signed only 'Combe', in Tolstoy's order but for two reversals and a changed close. Southgate gives the two ways of directing human nature as 'The one to secure the inclinations, by convincing the judgment; and the other, to force or drive the individual against his judgment or inclinations', and their results as 'The one method is recommended by experience, and followed by success; the other is recommended by ignorance, and attended by disappointment'; Tolstoy puts force first in both. The last sentence, 'Though every human being wishes for success, yet ignorance has been completely successful, hitherto, in leading the world to follow the course which leads to disappointment', becomes 'And a strange thing: until now ignorance has led and leads mankind by that very path of violence which has always led and leads to disappointment' (тем самым путем насилия): the wish for success and the irony of 'completely successful' are gone, and 'violence' is added. In the examples, 'a minister of religion' becomes 'a priest' (священник) and 'When an individual sues another at law' 'When one man goes to law with another'; 'a cut made for the stream, which has only to be introduced' becomes 'a sluice made in a river, which need only be made for the river to flow of itself without our attention and effort'. Who wrote it: the Jubilee name index has «Комб Абрам (1785—1827) — английский социалист-утопист, последователь Р. Оуэна» for this page (vol. 41, p. 572), and the argument, force as the method of the old system and persuasion of the new, is in the Owenite manner of Abram Combe's pamphlets of the 1820s; but Southgate's list of authors gives only 'COMBE, J.' (as scanned), his other 'Combe' entries are on physiology (Andrew Combe's subject), and none of Abram Combe's pamphlets was found online (archive.org has none; a web search for the wording found nothing), so the identification is the index's and was not confirmed. No printable, for the changes.